国外航空公司的财务比率分析

比率分析法是目前西方财务报表分析中应用最普遍的方法之一。以国外航空公司特别是英航的财务数据为基础，就国外被广泛采用的重要财务比率进行了分析，并选择了国外几大航空公司的比率进行了比较，旨在为中国航空公司进行财务报表分析提供比率分析方面的比较和借鉴。     

非一致终端约束下火星大气进入段制导律设计

针对小升阻比的火星探测器在火星大气进入过程中所面临的难点问题,对火星大气进入过程制导方法进行了研究。首先在确知探测器弹道系数和升阻比的前提下,考虑过程量及开伞条件约束,优化设计再入飞行的初始再入角。然后考虑非一致终端约束和飞行器的有限机动能力,设计参考轨迹剖面,并确保其能提供足够的裕度来应付各种参数不确定性。最后设计标准轨道法制导律,完成轨迹有效跟踪,并通过六自由度仿真验证了算法的合理性,为火星着陆项目中大气进入段制导方案设计提供参考。     

The Composition of the Solar Wind in Polar Coronal Holes

The solar wind charge state and elemental compositions have been measured with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometers (SWICS) on Ulysses and ACE for a combined period of about 25 years. This most extensive data set includes all varieties of solar wind flows and extends over more than one solar cycle. With SWICS the abundances of all charge states of He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe can be reliably determined (when averaged over sufficiently long time periods) under any solar wind flow conditions. Here we report on results of our detailed analysis of the elemental composition and ionization states of the most unbiased solar wind from the polar coronal holes during solar minimum in 1994–1996, which includes new values for the abundance S, Ca and Ar and a more accurate determination of the ²⁰Ne abundance. We find that in the solar minimum polar coronal hole solar wind the average freezing-in temperature is ∼1.1×10⁶ K, increasing slightly with the mass of the ion. Using an extrapolation method we derive photospheric abundances from solar wind composition measurements. We suggest that our solar-wind-derived values should be used for the photospheric ratios of Ne/Fe=1.26±0.28 and Ar/Fe=0.030±0.007.     

挖补修理对复合材料层合板拉伸性能的影响

挖补修理是一种先进的复合材料层合板损伤修理技术,分为斜接法和阶梯法两种类型。本文研究不同修补结构对斜接法挖补修理试验件力学性能的影响。对斜接法楔形砂磨斜坡比率为1:10、1:20、1:30和1:40的复合材料层合板修理试验件的拉伸性能进行了研究,同时总结了斜接法修理后试件的断裂位置特征。结果表明:斜接法斜坡比率为1:30的挖补修理试件的抗拉强度最好,外加补片会提高试件的抗拉强度,外加补片层数2层为宜。断裂类型主要有脱胶断裂和补片断裂。     

利用曙暮气辉光度观测研究钠层

通过对钠原子曙暮气辉的18次观测确定了北京北郊上空不同季节钠原子气柱总含量和钠层重心高度等结构参数。结果表明:春夏季钠层重心位置高,秋冬季位置低.冬季观测的平均钠层重心高度为85.67公里;钠原子气柱总含量冬季明显高于其它季节,1月和12月的含量约为6月的7.5倍;冬季钠层也相对地厚.钠层重心高度及总含量的季节变化不仅受D层顶中性和离子化学的制约,而且受到垂直风及子午向或纬向环流的很大影响.     

Isotopic Abundances in Comets

Isotopic ratios in comets provide keys for the understanding of the origin of cometary material, and the physical and chemical conditions in the early Solar Nebula. We review here measurements acquired on the D/H, ¹²C/¹³C, ¹⁶O/¹⁸O, ¹⁴N/¹⁵N, ³²S/³⁴S ratios in dust and gases, and discuss their cosmogonic implications. The prospects for future measurements from cometary space missions and remote sensing observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths are presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ptolemy – an Instrument to Measure Stable Isotopic Ratios of Key Volatiles on a Cometary Nucleus

A fundamental goal of cometary studies is to determine the exact relationship between these bodies and the Solar System – the question(s) can be summarised as follows: did comets originate during the same events that spawned the Sun and planets, are they more primitive bodies that record a pre-solar history, or are they interstellar materials collected in relatively more recent times? Now, whatever the origin of comets, it is entirely possible that they could, in part, contain interstellar or pre-solar components – indeed, it seems rather likely in light of the fact that primitive meteorites contain such entities. These particular components are likely to be refractory (dust, macromolecular organic complexes, etc.). Of more relevance to the issues above are the volatile constituents, which make up the bulk of a comet's mass. Since these materials, by their very nature, volatilise during perihelion passage of a comet they can, in some instances, be detected and measured spectroscopically. Perhaps the most useful species for isotopic investigations are C₂, HCN and CN. Unfortunately, spectroscopic measurements can only currently be made with accuracies of ±10 to ±20%. As such it is very often not practical to conclude anything further than the fact that isotopic measurements are compatible with ‘`solar’' values, which tends to imply an origin from the margins of the solar accretion disk. But there is another problem with the spectroscopic measurements – since these are made on gaseous species in the coma (and relatively minor species at that) it is impossible to be certain that these represent the true nuclear values. In other words, if the processes of sublimation, active jetting, and photochemistry in the coma impart isotopic fractionation, the spectroscopic measurements could give a false impression of the true isotope ratios. What is required is an experiment capable of measuring isotopic ratios at the very surface of a comet. Herein we describe the Ptolemy instrument, which is included on the Philae lander as part of the Rosetta mission to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The major objective of Ptolemy is a detailed appraisal of the nature and isotopic compositions of all materials present at the surface of a comet.     

The Structure of the Chromosphere Properties Pertaining to Element Fractionation

We review the structure and dynamics of the solar chromosphere with emphasis on the quiet Sun and properties that are relevant to element fractionation mechanisms. Attention is given to the chromospheric magnetic field, its connections to the photosphere, and to the dynamical evolution of the chromosphere. While some profound advances have been made in the “unmagnetized” chromosphere, our knowledge of the magnetically controlled chromosphere, more relevant for the discussion of element fractionation, is limited. Given the dynamic nature of the chromosphere and the poorly understood magnetic linkage to the corona, it is unlikely that we will soon know the detailed processes leading to FIP fractionation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地震计量用标准振动台技术总结

本文深入探讨了地震计量用标准振动台研制中台面的失真度、信噪比、横向运动三个主要技术难题及其相应的改进对策。文中的论述对于普通标准振动台的设计也具有一般的指导意义。