无控航天器与空间碎片再入的工程预测方法研究现状

无控航天器、火箭末级以及空间碎片再入地球大气层后可能未烧尽,残存的小碎片高速撞击地面,对人类安全和生态系统构成极大威胁。提前预测其再入轨迹并采取预防措施能够有效降低地面风险。文章对无控航天器和空间碎片再入工程预测模型,包括航天器模型、动力学模型、气动热模型和烧蚀解体模型的研究现状进行跟踪与总结,也介绍了国内外有公开资料的工程应用软件,并讨论若干关键问题和进一步研究方向。     

基于模型的系统工程方法在载人航天任务中的应用探讨

针对基于文档的航天任务设计中设计数据分散、一致性差、跟踪难度大等问题,引入了基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)方法。首先,介绍了MBSE方法理念,即通过构建图形化的模型来支持系统的需求捕获、设计、分析、验证和确认等全生命周期活动。然后,给出了MBSE方法的一般工作流程,即先构建系统的需求模型,用于指导功能模型、物理架构模型等的构建,按照事先制定好的逻辑规则建立模型间的关系,依靠模型间的关系实现设计过程中的关联性分析、参数查询等工作。最后,应用MBSE方法于载人飞船交会对接任务中。结果表明,此方法改善了人员沟通,提高了设计效率,降低了设计风险,可为MBSE方法在航天任务设计中的进一步应用提供参考。     

Crew autonomy for deep space exploration: Lessons from the Antarctic Search for Meteorites

Future piloted missions to explore asteroids, Mars, and other targets beyond the Moon will experience strict limitations on communication between vehicles in space and control centers on Earth. These limitations will require crews to operate with greater autonomy than any past space mission has demonstrated. The Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) project, which regularly sends small teams of researchers to remote parts of the southern continent, resembles a space mission in many ways but does not rely upon a control center. It provides a useful crew autonomy model for planners of future deep space exploration missions. In contrast to current space missions, ANSMET gives the crew the authority to adjust competing work priorities, task assignments, and daily schedules; allows the crew to be the primary monitor of mission progress; demands greater crew accountability for operational errors; requires the crew to make the most of limited communication bandwidth; adopts systems designed for simple operation and failure recovery; and grants the crew a leading role in the selection and stowage of their equipment.     

Route generation and description using the notions of object's influence area and spatial conceptual map

In the GRAAD Project we aimed at creatinga system which could generate route directions thatare comparable to route directions created by humanparticipants. With this goal in mind, we started froma linguistic and cognitive study of route directionsproduced by people and the study of cognitive modelsof mental maps. We proposed a new qualitative spatialmodel that can support the spatial properties of humanroute directions. This model is based on the notion ofobject's influence area which is used to modelneighborhood, orientation and distance. The proposedapproach relies on the manipulation of spatialentities in a spatial conceptual map (SCM) which isthe computarized analog of a mental map used bypeople. We developped the GRAAD System, software thatgenerates routes in a SCM and describes them innatural language. Finally, we conducted an experimentin order to compare GRAAD's route directions androutes described by human participants in similarexperimental conditions. GRAAD's output was notdistinguishable from route directions created by humanparticipants. In this paper we present the mainresults obtained during all phases of the GRAADProject.     

旋成体在无侧滑大攻角下的横向气动力特性

介绍具有尖锥头部细长旋成体（以下简称弹体）在无侧滑下横向气动力随攻角变化特性，其中包括尖锥头部顶角、旋成体长细比、初始滚转角、试验雷诺数诸参数对横向气动特性的影响。还介绍美国ＮＡＳＡ的一篇综合研究报告的部分结果。试验结果表明，在低亚音速下，弹体气动特性对上述诸参数反应极为敏感，有时呈现随机特性。头部加边条、减小长细比或在后体装尾翼，将有助于减弱横向气动力。采用弹体旋转飞行技术，虽然产生Ｍａｇｎｕｓ侧向力，但有效地克服了气动力的随机性。     

基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计

针对大口径高分辨率相机对卫星平台结构、安装包络、振动环境等方面的要求,提出了一种基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计与分析方法。通过在卫星平台与载荷安装基板之间的一体化结构中增加柔性连接单元,利用系统刚度和能量耦合的原理对一体化结构平台的系统性能进行设计和仿真分析,并在此基础上,开展了平台载荷一体化结构地面模拟试验研究。结果表明：文章提出的基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计在满足载荷安装要求的同时,还能够将卫星平台传递至载荷基板的振动响应衰减80%以上,从而有效地确保载荷的主要性能。     

双太阳翼GEO卫星在轨角动量管控方法

地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星在轨的主要环境干扰力矩为太阳光压力矩和重力梯度力矩,干扰力矩的累积效应表现为飞轮转速的变化,需要通过外力矩进行角动量卸载避免飞轮饱和。由于GEO磁场极弱,卫星无法使用磁力矩卸载,只能通过喷气卸载,而喷气将对卫星轨道产生影响,因此需要尽可能延长卸载周期。针对配置双对称太阳电池阵GEO卫星的角动量管控需求,首先建立卫星在惯性空间中角动量积累模型,并映射到卫星本体系中,得到本体系中的角动量变化规律。通过飞轮在轨转速遥测数据,精确辨识获取环境干扰力矩特征参数,获得真实可靠的干扰模型。以角动量卸载周期最长为原则,基于在轨环境干扰模型制定角动量管控策略,并准确预估下次角动量卸载时间。经在轨数据处理与分析表明:提出的角动量管控策略,可有效将飞轮的角动量卸载周期提升为原来的2倍,有效提升卫星在轨应用效能,具有实际工程意义。     

高压高速电机通风与散热分析

针对YKS规格的高压高速电机单机容量高、局部温升大等特点,以1台YKS5602 3 000 kW规格的高压高速电机为例,依据电机实际尺寸,建立了电机端部绕组及定转子模型。采用有限元法对流体场与温度场进行了仿真,计算出电机运行时各个通风槽内冷却气体流动情况,并对电机整体进行流固耦合分析,得到高压电机端部绕组及定转子温度场分布。对仿真计算结果分析,并与样机试验数据比较,结果表明:流体场和温度场耦合的方法能够准确地了解YKS电机各个通风槽内的气体流动情况及电机内局部温升分布。     

Maximal admissible mode decision delay in terminal guidance

Mode decision-maker is a critical component in the logic-based Integrated Estimation and Guidance(IEG) system. For the best possible estimation and guidance performance, the mode decision delay of the mode decision-maker should be limited to a range as small as possible. This paper presents a numerical method for computing the maximal admissible mode decision delay that varies with time-to-go. Particular attention has been paid to highly maneuvering target interception in terminal guidance. The results of this research offer useful guidelines for the design of the mode decision-maker in IEG systems.     

基于滑模自适应控制的不确定混沌系统修正函数投影同步

研究了一类不确定混沌系统的修正函数投影同步。首先,设计了一类滑模曲面;基于该曲面设计了同步控制器,并采用自适应技术设计了自适应律对不确定参数进行逼近。在一定条件下,该同步控制方案可以实现2个不确定异结构混沌系统的修正函数投影同步。然后,为保证合适的控制量,对控制增益进行了优化。从同步效果来看,所设计的控制器对混沌系统的不确定项的影响具有较强的鲁棒性。最后,数值仿真验证了该控制器的有效性和可行性。