Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

Synergies of Earth science and space exploration

A more flexible policy basis from which to manage our planet in the 21st century is desirable. As one contribution, we note that synergies between space exploration and the preservation of our habitat exist, and that protecting life on Earth requires similar concepts and information as investigations of life beyond the Earth, including the expansion of human presence in space. Instrumentation and data handling to observe both planetary objects and planet Earth are based on similar techniques. Moreover, while planetary surface operations are conducted under different conditions, the technology to probe the surface and subsurface of both the Earth and other planets requires similar tools, such as radar, seismometers, and drilling devices. The Earth observation community has developed some exemplary tools and has featured successful international cooperation in data handling and sharing that could be equally well applied to robotic planetary exploration. Here we propose a network involving both communities that will enable the interchange of scientific insights and the development of new policies and management strategies. Those tools can provide a vital forum through which the management of this planet can be assisted, and in which a new bridge between the Earth-centric and space-centric communities can be built.     

基于竞争环境下的舱位控制博弈模型分析

近年来,收益管理已然成为航空公司增加收益的重要手段,而收益管理模型也已广泛应用。在收益管理舱位控制的研究中,大部分是采用静态或动态建模的方法,针对某一个航空公司进行分析,而对竞争环境下的博弈模型的研究较少。本文在前人研究的基础之上,分析我国航空运输市场,给出一个舱位等级和多个舱位等级情况下的竞争博弈模型,通过对模型的分析可以得出影响舱位控制的因素。     

Optical orbital debris spotter

The number of man-made debris objects orbiting the Earth, or orbital debris, is alarmingly increasing, resulting in the increased probability of degradation, damage, or destruction of operating spacecraft. In part, small objects (<10 cm) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are of concern because they are abundant and difficult to track or even to detect on a routine basis. Due to the increasing debris population it is reasonable to assume that improved capabilities for on-orbit damage attribution, in addition to increased capabilities to detect and track small objects are needed. Here we present a sensor concept to detect small debris with sizes between approximately 1.0 and 0.01 cm in the vicinity of a host spacecraft for near real time damage attribution and characterization of dense debris fields and potentially to provide additional data to existing debris models.     

Research by the Tasmanian cosmic ray group during the International Geophysical Year

Systematic recording of the cosmic radiation commenced in Hobart in 1946 and at Mawson in Antarctica in 1955, making these two of the longest running cosmic ray observatories in the world. For the IGY, observations were also made at a sub-Antarctic island and near the equator, and an airborne survey of the nucleonic component was made from Geomagnetic Latitude −60°, south of Australia, to Japan and back. At Hobart there were neutron monitors, vertical and inclined muon telescopes, an ionization chamber, and two muon telescopes at ∼40 m of water equivalent underground. The research based on these and other observations determined the energy dependence of the Forbush and 11-year variations and concentrated, in particular, on understanding the anisotropic nature of galactic cosmic rays up to 150 GeV; the anisotropies in the onset phase of Forbush decreases; and the anisotropies in solar cosmic ray events. An investigation was initiated to calculate the trajectories and cutoff rigidities of cosmic rays in a high order simulation of the geomagnetic field. This was completed in 1959–60.     

天体测量与空间科学中的时间尺度及其转换

针对时间尺度及其转换方法进行了综述、归纳和分类。从建立的基础出发,将时间尺度划分为原子时尺度和世界时尺度2个大类,其中,原子时尺度的彼此转换基于广义相对论框架,世界时尺度的彼此转换基于地球自转和岁差章动模型,而协调世界时是连接这2类时间尺度的桥梁。根据各类时间尺度间的转换公式,计算了原子时彼此间的差值序列,以及世界时在IERS(International Earth Rotation and reference systems Service,国际地球自转与参考系服务)1996、2003、2010这3个规范间的差值序列,并分析了这些差值序列的特征。结果表明:地心坐标时与质心坐标时、质心坐标时与质心力学时、地球时与地心坐标时之间的差值序列均随时间呈线性变化关系,且后者差值的增幅远小于前2个差值的增幅;协调世界时与国际原子时之间的差值是不连续的,且增幅逐渐减小;地球时与质心力学时之间的差值序列是以年为周期进行变化的,差值大小在±1.7 ms以内;格林尼治(平)恒星时、赤经章动及其补充项在IERS 2003、2010规范间的差异较小,而在IERS 1996与另外2个规范间的差异较大。这些结论可为相关研究及工程计算中的时间尺度选取提供参考依据。     

国际原子时进展中的原子钟

对近几年国际原子时 (TAI)进展中不同类型原子钟和不同时间实验室原子钟贡献的权重进行了比较 ,并介绍了原子钟权重受其频率漂移率影响的一些分析结果     

某型飞机前起落架放下问题与解决方案研究

在实测某型飞机前起落架舱门气动力数据和铁鸟试验数据基础上,通过搭建运动学模型,详细分析每一载荷对前起收放过程的敏感度,应用作用力等效综合的方法,较为准确地再现了飞行试验中出现的问题。根据每一载荷对放下过程的敏感度,在不对机构有大的更改的前提下,针对若干解决方案进行大量分析计算,提出解决思路并找到了调整机构的最佳解决方案,同时提出了没有限制时的最有效解决思路。     

航天国际合作项目进度风险管理研究

文章针对航天国际合作项目的发展趋势,对其管理模式进行了对比分析,指出新模式对项目计划和风险管理提出的新要求,对航天国际合作项目的工作分解结构、进度管理和风险管理的关联性进行了描述,提出基于风险管理的进度管理体系结构和将风险纳入计划管理体系的工作流程,并给出航天国际合作项目进度管理的有效解决方案。     

高职教育的波特模型分析

高职院校目前面临着多方面生存与发展的压力。运用波特模型对高职教育进行分析，有利于全面而客观地认识高职院校面临竞争的现状，并有助于找到高职院校生存和发展之路。