Planetary protection implementation on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission

In August 2005 NASA launched a large orbiting science observatory, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), for what is scheduled to be a 5.4-year mission. High resolution imaging of the surface is a principal goal of the mission. One consequence of this goal however is the need for a low science orbit. Unfortunately this orbit fails the required 20-year orbit life set in NASA Planetary Protection (PP) requirements [NASA. Planetary protection provisions for robotic extraterrestrial missions, NASA procedural requirements NPR 8020.12C, NASA HQ, Washington, DC, April 2005.]. So rather than sacrifice the science goals of the mission by raising the science orbit, the MRO Project chose to be the first orbiter to pursue the bio-burden reduction approach.     

Thermal protection system development,testing, and qualification for atmospheric probes and sample return missions: Examples for Saturn,Titan and Stardust-type sample return

The science community has continued to be interested in planetary entry probes, aerocapture, and sample return missions to improve our understanding of the Solar System. As in the case of the Galileo entry probe, such missions are critical to the understanding not only of the individual planets, but also to further knowledge regarding the formation of the Solar System. It is believed that Saturn probes to depths corresponding to 10 bars will be sufficient to provide the desired data on its atmospheric composition. An aerocapture mission would enable delivery of a satellite to provide insight into how gravitational forces cause dynamic changes in Saturn’s ring structure that are akin to the evolution of protoplanetary accretion disks. Heating rates for the “shallow” Saturn probes, Saturn aerocapture, and sample Earth return missions with higher re-entry speeds (13–15 km/s) from Mars, Venus, comets, and asteroids are in the range of 1–6 KW/cm². New, mid-density thermal protection system (TPS) materials for such probes can be mission enabling for mass efficiency and also for use on smaller vehicles enabled by advancements in scientific instrumentation. Past consideration of new Jovian multiprobe missions has been considered problematic without the Giant Planet arcjet facility that was used to qualify carbon phenolic for the Galileo probe. This paper describes emerging TPS technologies and the proposed use of an affordable, small 5 MW arcjet that can be used for TPS development, in test gases appropriate for future planetary probe and aerocapture applications. Emerging TPS technologies of interest include new versions of the Apollo Avcoat material and a densified variant of Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA). Application of these and other TPS materials and the use of other facilities for development and qualification of TPS for Saturn, Titan, and Sample Return missions of the Stardust class with entry speeds from 6.0 to 28.6 km/s are discussed.     

月球粉尘的研究现状

随着我国探月工程的开展,面临着月球粉尘危害性的问题,急需开展月球粉尘的研究。文章在调研的基础上,阐述了目前国外在月球粉尘方面的研究现状,主要是美国"阿波罗"计划中对月尘的特性、危害性、探测和防护方面的研究。     

卫星总装过程静电防护研究

静电防护是卫星总装过程中质量控制和安全保障的一个重要方面.为了提高航天器总装过程的静电控制水平,文章以某型号卫星为例,针对卫星总装实施特点,对卫星的总装过程进行了静电防护的相关试验和分析研究.首先使用FMEA分析表格,提出静电防护的关键项目,再利用静电检测手段,对这些关键项目进行静电测试.根据测试结果数据分析,查找出卫星总装过程中静电防护的薄弱环节,并针对性地提出相应的静电控制措施.这些研究成果为航天器总装静电控制的具体实施提供了技术支持,是对航天器总装过程静电防护深入研究的有益探索.     

多约束条件下月亮对IGSO/MEO卫星干扰预报方法

针对IGSO/MEO卫星倾斜轨道(55 °)和偏航主动姿态控制的特殊性,研究了适用倾斜中高轨卫星月球干扰的亮度模型、地球遮挡模型、几何满足模型,提出了多元素约束条件下的月球干扰预报方法,解决了传统预报算法虚警概率较大的问题.实际控制结果表明,该方法实现了对在轨IGSO/MEO卫星地球敏感器月球干扰的准确预报,取得了很好的应用效果.     

光子晶体热控结构防护性能研究

光子晶体在红外波段同时具有高反射率和高辐射率,可作为高超声速飞行器的防热材料。文章利用FLUENT软件和辐射模型中的离散坐标算法对有/无光子晶体防热层结构进行了气动加热数值模拟计算,得到了在不同热流密度条件下基体的温度分布;通过计算结果的对比发现,采用光子晶体防热层结构使基体温度下降约360～515 K,具有良好的热控性能。光子晶体是一种具有广阔应用前景的热防护材料,作为高超声速飞行器的防热层结构的可行性与有效性还有待深入研究。     

离子推力器栅极放电分析和保护设计

离子推力器的栅极结构复杂、电压高,两栅之间容易发生放电,给离子电推进正常工作带来影响,文章提出推力器加工工艺和过程污染物是产生放电的主要原因。分析国内外离子电推进系统放电现象,建议采用放电保护设计,以有效保护电推进系统及卫星的正常工作。文章以电源处理单元为主,给出了针对离子推力器栅极放电的保护设计和系统控制保护措施。     

Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

农地使用权流转对我国耕地保护的影响及对策

耕地保护事关国家粮食安全、生态平衡和社会稳定,为此政府一直实行世界最严格的制度来保护耕地。但发展中国家的快速城市化进程必然导致部分耕地被城市建设用地替代。出于农村经济发展的内在要求及提高土地资源配置效率的需要,在市场经济的条件下,促进农地使用权的流转成为我国耕地保护制度改革过程中的重要环节。     

一种热平衡等温机制的新型热防护及相关技术

给出了一种适用于高超声速飞行器热防护的新概念——疏导式热防护,其基本理论是利用热平衡等温机制,使防热层趋于一等温体,实现热负载平衡。针对这一概念,进行了较为系统的研究,包括原理、分析方法、实现疏导式热防护的关键技术。研究结果表明,疏导式热防护技术可有效地减少高热流区的温度和热应力,是一种有效的非烧蚀热防护技术。