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232.
233.
George Profitiliotis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(12):4158-4176
The emergence of private space actors may soon enable the growth of the novel market segments of space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The interdisciplinary field of Planetary Protection has to keep up with these advances. Planetary Protection is defined as a set of guidelines that aim to prevent the forward contamination of celestial bodies with biological material from Earth and the backward contamination of the terrestrial biosphere with extraterrestrial biological material. As space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies for commercial access to space, significant questions are expected to be raised in the future with respect to potential forward and backward contamination issues, particularly with respect to activities between Earth and Mars. Although such private activities do not seem to pose a serious Planetary Protection threat at the moment, certain preparatory steps need to be taken in order to prudently inform the relevant policy-making procedures. This work describes the application of the Contingent Valuation Method, a useful tool of the environmental economics discipline, with the aim of demonstrating a novel approach to estimate the economic valuation of the external benefits of preventing forward and backward contamination between Earth and Mars. Particularly, via a survey specifically developed for this purpose, a set of questions are used to elicit the perceived economic value that respondents place on the prevention of forward and backward contamination; the survey is administered to a national probability sample in Greece, and the generated data is processed through statistical analysis. The Contingent Valuation Method is a popular and well-established stated preference valuation technique; these techniques are often the more suitable choice for ex-ante valuations of future changes, and are currently the only known approach to capture all the aspects of the economic value of non-market goods. Through an initial proof-of-concept in Greece, the goal of this work is to provide useful insights on the expected external benefits of a national Planetary Protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars, and to encourage a larger-scale application of this tool in other countries around the world. 相似文献
234.
酚醛树脂作为一种烧蚀材料,凭借其耐高温的特性应用于航天器防热系统,其防热性能在工程实际中需进行考核。以某航天器一段包覆80纤维布/酚醛树脂的液路管路作为研究对象,以定热流为边界条件,采用仿真计算和热流试验的研究方法对空导管以及注水导管的温度场进行研究:仿真计算得出导管表面平衡温度分布以及导管表面具有代表性某点瞬态温度变化;为验证仿真计算的准确性,进行了热流试验,得出了导管表面以及水中温度测点的瞬态温度变化;根据热流试验的温度结果,分析比对了热流试验对仿真计算的验证情况。研究结果表明:80纤维布/酚醛树脂的防热性能符合温度指标要求;仿真结果和热流试验结果一致度良好,证明了仿真计算的合理性和准确性。 相似文献
235.
航班延误产生的矛盾会导致乘客采取过激的方式维权,这对民航运输安全造成了很大的影响。本文分析了航班延误后旅客采取的过激维权行为的原因,并从不同角度提出了预防措施,希望能对避免航班延误后乘客和航空公司发生矛盾以及采取过激维权行为有所裨益。 相似文献
236.
W. Schubert G. PlettA. Yavrouian J. Barengoltz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
For the purposes of planetary protection, a series of experiments were performed to answer a long-standing question about the potential of bacterial contamination of interplanetary spacecraft from liquid hydrazine. Spores of Bacillus atrophaeus (ATCC No. 9372, also known as Bacillus subtilis var. niger, and BSN) were exposed to hydrazine and survivors were enumerated using the NASA standard planetary protection pour plate assay. Results indicate that bulk hydrazine rocket propellant may be considered free of living bacterial cells for planetary protection compliance. 相似文献
237.
Jacques Arnould André Debus 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The next time humans set foot on the Moon or another planet, will we treat the crew like we would a sample return mission when they come back to Earth? This may seem a surprising or even provocative question, but it is one we need to address. The hurdles and hazards of sending humans to Mars – for example, the technology constraints and physiological and psychological challenges – are many; but let us not forget the need to protect populations and environments from the risk of contamination [United Nations, treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies (the “Outer Space Treaty”) referenced 610 UNTS 205 - resolution 2222(XXI) of December 1966]. 相似文献
238.
Jacques Arnould André Debus 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
What hazards might biological contamination pose to planets, comets and other celestial bodies visited by probes launched from Earth? What hazards might returning probes pose to Earth and its inhabitants? What should be considered an acceptable level of risk? What technologies, procedures and constraints should be applied? What sort of attitude has to be chosen concerning human crews, who themselves could become both contaminated victims and contaminating agents? The vast issue of planetary protection must, more than ever, spark ethical debate. Space treaty, COSPAR recommendations offer borders and context for this reflection, which has to be introduced in the actual humanist: never has been anthropocentrism so practical and concerned, in the same time, by the next generations, because of the historical character of life. At least an ethics of risk is necessary (far from the myth of zero-risk) for all the three types of contamination: other celestial bodies (forward contamination), Earth (backward contamination) and astronauts. 相似文献
239.
文章介绍了空间碎片被动防护技术的主要技术路线及其三个核心研究内容,即风险评估、防护技术及超高速撞击试验,并对我国空间碎片被动防护技术体系的建设提出了一些初步建议。 相似文献
240.
高超声速飞行器一体化防热与热控设计方法 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
围绕高超声速飞行器所遭遇的"热障"问题,阐述了防热与热控系统一体化设计的思想,指出将机身结构、防热与热控系统、推进系统耦合在一起进行一体化设计是解决"热障"问题的有效途径,并提出了不同任务需求的高超声速飞行器防热与热控系统方案思路.介绍了部分防热材料的性能,指出了在设计中选择防热材料的原则.对防热与热控系统的优化方法进行了探讨,指出了防热与热控系统一体化设计中涉及的关键技术,举例说明了防热与热控一体化设计的基本流程. 相似文献