热防护材料表面催化特性研究进展

随着高超声速飞行器的发展,高焓离解环境下热防护材料所承受的气动热载荷在很大程度上受到材料表面催化特性的影响。根据高焓服役环境特征和热防护材料表面催化特性的发展现状,重点综述了材料表面催化反应机理和不同尺度的催化模型,分析、比较了催化特性地面测试与评价方法以及典型热防护材料表面催化特性的影响因素,简要总结了国内现阶段相关催化特性研究的初步成果,并在此基础之上提出了催化特性测试与表征方法的不足和后续研究的重点方向,为有效改进热防护材料表面催化特性试验测试技术、准确预测高超声速飞行器气动热环境,从而实现热防护系统的精细化设计提供指导。     

同轴接入设备的系统升级机制设计

高性能同轴网络(HINOC,High performance Network Over Coax)是面向下一代广播电视网的同轴电缆接入新技术,是实现模拟电视系统双向数字改造以及广播电视三网融合战略的关键技术之一.HINOC系统中的嵌入式设备HB(HINOC Bridge)与HM(HINOC Modem)需要通过在线升级实现软件版本的不断更新.针对目前一般的软件在线升级系统中普遍存在的整体加密传输效率低、硬件失效缺乏保护等问题,本升级系统设计在文件的传输和文件烧写的基本步骤上引入了文件差分编码解码、文件校验与加密解密以及异常保护机制.实际测试结果显示,升级系统能够满足HINOC系统在效率、安全性和可靠性方面的要求,保证了嵌入式系统的信息安全以及嵌入式设备在异常情况下的稳定工作.     

Planetary protection issues of private endeavours in research,exploration, and human access to space: An environmental economics approach to forward contamination

In light of the rapidly growing New Space Economy, the landscape of space exploration and development activities will certainly become much more complicated year by year. Relevant commercial space actors have already emerged, pushing the boundaries of entrepreneurial space ventures beyond the Earth-oriented upstream and downstream market segments and opening up the path towards the novel segments of space exploration, space resources utilization, and space research. Planetary protection is usually defined as a set of guidelines concerning the avoidance of bidirectional biological material exchange between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Recent success stories of established and new-entrant NewSpace actors, although posing no realistic planetary protection threat at present, clearly indicate that serious work needs to be done in order for the relevant guidelines to keep up with the rapid advances of the technology development cycles that occur within NewSpace companies. This need may become even more urgent, as space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies to target the currently underserved market segments of space research, exploration, and utilization. As of now, these capabilities were maintained solely by public space agencies; thus, all planetary protection priorities, strategies, and responsibilities were discussed, agreed-upon, and delegated for implementation among national and international working groups of public stakeholders. Although top-down regulations can be effective in controlling the quality and conformity of the deliverables of private subcontractors to public contractors, international planetary protection frameworks might need to evolve even beyond such unmet public-private interaction and partnership models. For this reason, this study did not focus on the legal and political issues of mandating NewSpace actors to adhere to planetary protection guidelines; rather, drawing from the field of sustainable development on Earth, an environmental economics approach was followed, with the goal of viewing the relationship between planetary protection and private space exploration and development as another “tragedy of the commons” problem that must be settled accordingly. After the problem’s framing, i.e. the conceptual presentation and synthesis of four extraterrestrial non-excludable goods, the initial approach of their total economic value, and the negative externalities of their exploitation, a discussion of the forward contamination mitigation costs was conducted. Drawing from the literature and using examples from both the terrestrial and aerospace sectors, a pre-emptive move was suggested: the establishment of a global industry consortium for the pre-competitive collaboration in forward contamination mitigation technologies, centered on an international planetary protection analogue program and its respective testbed facility.     

卫星地面测控站的防雷技术

雷电是大气中带有大量电荷的雷云放电的结果,落地雷强大的雷电流可达数十至数百千安培。由于卫星测控站的天线通常是附近最高的建筑物,在雷雨季节容易招引雷电。文章在对卫星地面测控站的多起雷击事故进行调研统计的基础上,分析得出测控设备遭受雷击的原因,讨论了卫星地面测控站的防雷击理论和接地技术,提出测控站防雷击措施,主要包括等电位接地、等电位连接、机房电磁屏蔽、合理布线等。     

压缩氮气驱动的高速气炮实验技术

文章介绍压缩氮气驱动的二级气炮、三级气炮的研制背景、设计技术和发射性能特点,分析活塞质量、弹丸质量、驱动气压和泵管初充气压等发射参数对发射弹速和发射效果的影响,分析了制约提高弹速上限的主要因素,还介绍利用上述二级气炮和三级气炮开展的若干实验研究情况,评估压缩氮气驱动多级气炮的开发应用前景。     

X-37B的发展现状及空气动力技术综述

X-37B的研制和试验国内外一直高度关注。X-37B作为跨大气层飞行器,从空气动力技术角度分析其研究工作很有意义。介绍了X-37B的发展历程,分析了战略用途,并重点介绍了涉及的一些关键气动技术,如气动布局设计优化、气动舵面/RCS/O MS复合控制设计、热防护技术、气动辅助变轨技术等,对其利用三大手段开展的研究工作也作了简要介绍,最后简要总结了X-37B研制过程中的一些经验教训。     

影响气冷式个体热防护装备致冷力的因素分析

个体气冷系统是一种致冷有效、穿着舒适的热防护装备,在设计和使用中 提高其致冷效率是至关重要的。从工程和生理上分析了影响个体气冷系统致冷力的多种 因素,包括供气温度、湿度、流量以及它们之间的相互关系、致冷面积、流量分配、隔热性 能等。得出了提高蒸发性和对流性两类通风服致冷力和舒适性的方法。为不同工况下合理设 计和选用气冷式个体热防护装备,使之具有更高的人机工效和更好的舒适性提供了参考和借 鉴作用。〖JP〗     

空间碎片防护研究现状与国内发展建议

文章回顾了近期国外空间碎片防护领域的研究现状和热点问题;介绍了“十一五”期间国内空间碎片防护研究的若干进展;立足我国研究现状,通过对国内航天器防护工程需求分析,提出了未来我国空间碎片防护领域研究发展建议。     

发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统主动冷却效率研究

发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统是一种新型概念,将发汗冷却方法应用于金属热防护系统中,用于提高金属热防护系统的热载荷承载能力,是解决临近空间高超声速飞行器防热问题的有效方法。设计并建立了发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统的实验模型,分析了发汗式主动冷却金属热防护系统的基本冷却原理,测量了同一实验模型分别在有无发汗冷却作用下,沿厚度方向不同位置测量点的温度响应。结果表明：在相同的加热条件,采用发汗冷却方法,可以使受热蒙皮材料达到相同温度的时间明显滞后;在发汗冷却作用的过程中,内部隔热层的温度不会超过水的沸点温度;采用发汗冷却方法,可以使同一结构热载荷承载能力至少提高70%;通过合理的结构设计,可以减少受热蒙皮由于热膨胀而引起的结构变形。
     

Mars Sample Return: Do Australians trust NASA?

Mars Sample Return (MSR) represents an important scientific goal in space exploration. Any sample return mission will be extremely challenging from a scientific, economic and technical standpoint. But equally testing, will be communicating with a public that may have a very different perception of the mission. A MSR mission will generate international publicity and it is vital that NASA acknowledge the nature and extent of public concern about the mission risks and, perhaps equally importantly, the public’s confidence in NASA’s ability to prepare for and manage these risks. This study investigated the level of trust in NASA in an Australian population sample, and whether this trust was dependent on demographic variables. Participants completed an online survey that explored their attitudes towards NASA and a MSR mission. The results suggested that people believe NASA will complete the mission successfully but have doubts as to whether NASA will be honest when communicating with the public. The most significant finding to emerge from this study was that confidence in NASA was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the respondent’s level of knowledge regarding the risks and benefits of MSR. These results have important implications for risk management and communication.