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941.

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.  相似文献   
942.
Precise satellite orbit and clocks are essential for providing high accuracy real-time PPP (Precise Point Positioning) service. However, by treating the predicted orbits as fixed, the orbital errors may be partially assimilated by the estimated satellite clock and hence impact the positioning solutions. This paper presents the impact analysis of errors in radial and tangential orbital components on the estimation of satellite clocks and PPP through theoretical study and experimental evaluation. The relationship between the compensation of the orbital errors by the satellite clocks and the satellite-station geometry is discussed in details. Based on the satellite clocks estimated with regional station networks of different sizes (∼100, ∼300, ∼500 and ∼700 km in radius), results indicated that the orbital errors compensated by the satellite clock estimates reduce as the size of the network increases. An interesting regional PPP mode based on the broadcast ephemeris and the corresponding estimated satellite clocks is proposed and evaluated through the numerical study. The impact of orbital errors in the broadcast ephemeris has shown to be negligible for PPP users in a regional network of a radius of ∼300 km, with positioning RMS of about 1.4, 1.4 and 3.7 cm for east, north and up component in the post-mission kinematic mode, comparable with 1.3, 1.3 and 3.6 cm using the precise orbits and the corresponding estimated clocks. Compared with the DGPS and RTK positioning, only the estimated satellite clocks are needed to be disseminated to PPP users for this approach. It can significantly alleviate the communication burdens and therefore can be beneficial to the real time applications.  相似文献   
943.
We report work utilizing 15-min resolution ionospheric data obtained with DPS-4 digisonde in 2003–2011 to study the seasonal variations in amplitudes and phases of the most powerful spectral components of the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and peak height (hmF2) fluctuations over Irkutsk (52.5°N, 104.0°E). We show that fluctuations of both parameters contain quasi-harmonic components with periods of Tn = 24/n h (n = 1–7). The number of distinct spectral peaks varies from 3 in summer to 7 in winter. Amplitude and phase characteristics of the diurnal (n = 1) and semidiurnal (n = 2) components is studied using the data sets extracted from the original data sets with band-pass filter. It has been found that the amplitudes of diurnal/semidiurnal foF2 and diurnal hmF2 components are maximum in winter and minimum in summer. Amplitudes of the diurnal components vary gradually; those of the foF2 semidiurnal one, abruptly, thus forming a narrow winter maximum in November–January. The phase (local time of maximum) of the diurnal foF2 component increases gradually by 4–6 h from winter to summer. The phase of the semidiurnal foF2 component is nearly stable in winter/summer and sharply decreases (increases) by 2–3 h near the spring (autumn) equinox. The phase of the diurnal component of hmF2 (local time of minimum) varies slightly between 1130 and 1300 LT; that of the semidiurnal one decreases (increases) by 4–6 h from January to March (from September to November). The results obtained show that the main features of seasonal variations in the diurnal and semidiurnal components of the mid-latitude F2 layer parameters recur consistently during the solar activity growth and decline phases.  相似文献   
944.
对载波相位辅助条件下应用于全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)动态单点定位的各种算法进行了综合分析与比较。首先简要介绍定位算法中的基本公式与观测模型;然后分别对周跳修复与滤波解算两部分所应用的各种算法进行详细介绍并比较其性能与适用范围;最后对尚待解决的问题及可能的发展方向进行了总结。  相似文献   
945.
蓝牙4.0技术已经广泛应用于手机、平板电脑等移动终端设备,使得利用其实现室内定位具有极其广阔的应用前景。通过对蓝牙4.0技术的研究,根据蓝牙4.0 RSSI损耗特征进行接近度分类,提出一种限定区域k-近邻改进算法。实验结果表明,运用优化后的RSSI指纹定位算法室内定位平均误差可达到dm级,可充分满足商用室内LBS“m级”的定位精度和“s级”响应的需求。  相似文献   
946.
Considerable progress for the study of solar corona physics has been achieved by China's space physics community. It involves the theoretical study of coronal process of solar active phenomena, solar wind origin, acceleration of solar wind and coronal mass ejections, observational and numerical study of these problems and prediction methods of solar eruptive activities (such as flares/CMEs). Here is a brief summary of the progress in this area. Main progress is put upon the following three topics: corona and solar wind, numerical method, prediction method.  相似文献   
947.
设计实现了一个用于解决DDN(Digital Data Net)网络管理不足之处的新系统——DDN状态监控系统.详细论述了该系统的设寸思路和软件结构,采用了数据库、网络轮询等一系列有效的技术手段来解决DDN网络管理的不足,指出了该系统的技术创新点。  相似文献   
948.
Unscented Kalman滤波在空间飞行器被动测距中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
介绍了Unscented Kalman滤波及其空间飞行器被动测距中的应用。Unscented Kalman滤波通过设计少量的sigma(抽样)点,计算这些点经过非线性函数的传播,获得滤波值基于非线性方程的更新。Unscented Kalman滤波避免了广义Kalman滤波等线性化方法的缺点,并提高了滤波精度。  相似文献   
949.
诚信教育是以人为本的高职教育价值观的本质要求,是高职德育工作的重要内容,也是工学结合人才培养模式的客观需要。目前高职生诚信教育存在地位认知偏差,教育方式不当和缺乏实效性和针对性等问题,本文对工学结合模式下高职生诚信教育的路径进行了初步的探讨。  相似文献   
950.
目前,我国高职课程设置中严重的学科体系化倾向以及对学生职业能力培养的欠缺一直都是制约高职教育教学的顽疾。推行工学结合教育模式下的高职课程设置,不仅有利于改变以往“三段式”课程模式重理论轻实践的弊端,而且对于实现职业教育“以就业为导向,以能力为本位”的最终目标也,也具有重大意义。  相似文献   
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