高混合比火炬式电点火器试验研究

介绍了低温高混合比火炬式电点火技术的初步研究进展,包括有关的设计参数和试验情况。该点火器用电火花塞作为激励能源,氢氧推进剂通过一个位于头部的同轴式喷嘴进入点火室,大部分液氢用作冷却剂通过排放冷却方式冷却点火室。累计５次共５０ｓ的热试车表明,高混合比火炬式电点火器能实现可靠的低温点火,并具有较广的工况和混合比变化范围。     

气动谐振管加热效应初步实验

为了有效地应用气动谐管加热现象的热效应，以发展液体火箭发动机的气动谐振管点火新技术，需要获得谐振管热效应的变化规律。实验测量了三种谐振管，即圆柱型、阶梯型和锥柱型谐振管间的表面加热温度。实验中主要考虑喷嘴与谐振管间的分离距离以及供气压力的变化。所获得的谐振加热特性可用于实际谐振加热装置的设计。     

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

A forced ignition probability analysis method using kernel formation analysis with turbulent transport and Lagrangian flame particle tracking

A forced ignition probability analysis method is developed for turbulent combustion, in which kernel formation is analyzed with local kernel formation criteria, and flame propagation and stabilization are simulated with Lagrangian flame particle tracking. For kernel formation, the effect of turbulent scalar transport on flammability is modelled through the incorporation of turbulence-induced diffusion in a spherically outwardly propagating flame kernel model. The dependence of flammability limits on turbulent intensities is tabulated and serves as the flammability criterion for kernel formation. For Lagrangian flame particle tracking, flame particles are tracked in a structured grid with flow fields being interpolated from a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution. The particle velocity follows a Langevin model consisting of a linear drift and an isotropic diffusion term. The Karlovitz number is employed for the extinction criterion, which compares chemical and turbulent timescales. The integration of the above two-step analysis approach with non-reacting CFD is achieved through a general interpolation interface suitable for general unstructured CFD grids. The method is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame, in which flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics are extracted from a non-reacting simulation. Results show that the computed ignition probability map agrees qualitatively with experimental results. A reduction of the ignition probability in the recirculation zone and a high ignition probability on the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface are well captured. The tools can facilitate optimization of spark placement and offer insights into ignition processes.     

点火能量对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响

针对以汽油-空气为推进剂的吸气式脉冲爆震发动机,研究了点火能量及工作频率对发动机点火-起爆时间和发动机推进性能的影响。结果显示,随着点火能量的提高,点火-起爆时间逐渐减小,脉冲爆震发动机平均推力逐渐增加。随着发动机工作频率的提高,点火-起爆时间也逐渐减小,发动机稳定工作的最佳油气当量比减小,发动机平均推力接近线性增加;但是点火能量对发动机点火-起爆时间的影响随着工作频率的提高而有所降低。     

正癸烷燃烧详细反应机理的构建及简化

利用燃烧详细反应机理自动生成程序ReaxGen得到了正癸烷的388组分2226反应方程的详细燃烧机理,对此机理在不同压力和温度下的点火延迟时间进行了动力学分析,并与试验得到的点火延迟数据进行了对比,最后采用直接关系图法DRG得到了不同规模的骨架机理。计算发现:在温度大于1000K的情况下,给出的机理能比较好地模拟正癸烷的点火过程,预测到的点火延迟数据与试验符合较好,证明了反应机理自动生成程序在链烷烃部分是可信的;通过DRG分析得到的包含62组分422方程的骨架机理,其计算结果与详细机理吻合很好,而组分和反应方程分别减少了约84%和81%。此机理的计算时间有大幅的缩短,可用于进一步的CFD应用和机理简化。     

IR radiation characteristics of rocket exhaust plumes under varying motor operating conditions

The infrared(IR) irradiance signature from rocket motor exhaust plumes is closely related to motor type,propellant composition,burn time,rocket geometry,chamber parameters and flight conditions.In this paper,an infrared signature analysis tool(IRSAT) was developed to understand the spectral characteristics of exhaust plumes in detail.Through a finite volume technique,flow field properties were obtained through the solution of axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds-averaged approach.A refined 13-species,30-reaction chemistry scheme was used for combustion effects and a k-e-Rtturbulence model for entrainment effects.Using flowfield properties as input data,the spectrum was integrated with a line of sight(LOS) method based on a single line group(SLG) model with Curtis-Godson approximation.The model correctly predicted spectral distribution in the wavelengths of 1.50–5.50 lm and had good agreement for its location with imaging spectrometer data.The IRSAT was then applied to discuss the effects of three operating conditions on IR signatures:(a) afterburning;(b) chamber pressure from ignition to cutoff;and(c) minor changes in the ratio of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB) binder to ammonium perchlorate(AP) oxidizer in propellant.Results show that afterburning effects can increase the size and shape of radiance images with enhancement of radiation intensity up to 40%.Also,the total IR irradiance in different bands can be characterized by a non-dimensional chamber pressure trace in which the maximum discrepancy is less than 13% during ignition and engine cutoff.An increase of chamber pressure can lead to more distinct diamonds,whose distance intervals are extended,and the position of the first diamond moving backwards.In addition,an increase in HTPB/AP causes a significant jump in spectral intensity.The incremental rates of radiance intensity integrated in each band are linear with the increase of HTPB,and the growth rates of radiance intensities in some bands reach up to 50% as HTPB weight increases by 3%.     

火工品电参数测试技术研究

介绍了火工品电参数测试方法,搭建了火工品电参数测试系统。设计了火工品电容放电式点火电路,阐述了电容充放电原理和充放电电路的参数计算方法,实现了点火回路电流的测试。采用“四线”制测试方法实现对火工品桥路直流阻值瞬态变化特性的测试,通过点火回路电压值的变化进行了火工品桥丝熔断时间的测试,证明了采用本测试系统进行火工品电参数测试的可靠性和正确性,为火工品电参数测试的研究提供了有效的测试方法。     

固体火箭点火超压形成机理与影响因子研究

为研究固体火箭点火超压的形成机理和影响因子,以Ariane 5火箭固体助推器1/35缩比模型为研究对象,〖JP+1〗基于可压缩气体三维Navier-Stokes方程建立固体火箭尾焰流场的数学模型。同时,使用有限速率/涡耗散模型表征尾焰复燃反应,采用有限体积法求解火箭尾焰流场控制方程,得到箭体尾部近场的点火超压幅值与分布情况。与试验数据比较,数值结果较好的反映了点火超压的过程特性。进而,采用该数学模型和求解方法,研究了点火超压的影响因子。计算结果表明,尾焰复燃反应对点火超压的影响较小,与无复燃反应的计算结果比较,点火超压的峰值相对变化幅度不大于1.85%,点火超压的波形与分布特性的变化可以忽略;建压速率越快,点火超压峰值越大,且呈非线性比例关系增长;喷管膨胀比主要影响点火超压的波形,对其峰值影响较小。     

发动机环形燃烧室点火过程可视化实验研究

为有效捕捉环形燃烧室中火焰传播规律明晰其点火联焰机理,在浙江大学TurboCombo实验平台上,借助高速相机记录燃烧室整个点火过程,开展可视化实验研究。本文主要介绍了三种构型下(直喷环形燃烧室、斜喷环形燃烧室、带涡轮导叶的直喷环形燃烧室)的点火过程相关机理研究,分析了：火焰传播过程特征;斜流喷嘴引入周向速度分量后所作用周向联焰的过程;涡轮导叶对周向点火过程和周向点火时间的影响。研究表明,高速可视化测量可追踪环形燃烧室中整个点火过程,有助于明晰环形燃烧室点火联焰机理。该项研究有助于APU等航空发动机高空点火性能的分析。