富氧预燃室初步试验研究

为了研究全流量补燃循环发动机中富氧预燃室的点火以及燃烧特性，对点火方案和预燃室方案进行了分析。通过对多种预燃室结构形式和点火方式的比较，提出了适合于富氧预燃室初步试验要求的点火方案，研制了热表面谐振点火器并采用间接点火方式研制了氢氧火炬点火器。点火器的试验结果表明氢氧火炬点火器能够多次可靠地点火并生成稳定的点火火炬。由于不受谐振产生条件的限制，氢气和氧气的流量和混合比可以在较大的范围内选择，生成点火火炬的温度范围也很宽。对确定的富氧预燃室方案进行了设计加工，经过三个阶段的热试车，富氧预燃室的关键参数均达到了设计要求，结构无烧蚀，工作可靠，完全可以满足全流量补燃循环发动机系统对富氧预燃室的要求。     

Irradiated ignition of solid materials in reduced pressure atmosphere with various oxygen concentrations – for fire safety in space habitats

Effects of sub-atmospheric ambient pressure and oxygen content on irradiated ignition characteristics of solid combustibles were examined experimentally in order to elucidate the flammability and chance of fire in depressurized systems and give ideas for the fire safety and fire fighting strategies for such environments. Thin cellulosic paper was used as the solid combustible since cellulose is one of major organic compounds and flammables in the nature. Applied atmospheres consisted of inert gases (either CO₂ or N₂) and oxygen at various mixture ratios. Total ambient pressure (P) was varied from 101 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure, P₀) to 20 kPa. Ignition was initiated by external thermal radiation with CO₂ laser (10 W total; 21.3 W/cm² of the corresponding peak flux) onto the solid surface. Thermal degradation of the solid produced combustible gaseous products (e.g. CO, H₂, or other low weight of HCs) and these products mixed with ambient oxygen to form the combustible mixture over the solid. Heat transfer from the irradiated surface into the mixture accelerated the exothermic reaction in the gas phase and finally thermal runaway (ignition) was achieved. A digital video camera was used to analyze the ignition characteristics. Flammability maps in partial pressure of oxygen (ppO₂) and normalized ambient pressure (P/P₀) plane were made to reveal the fire hazard in depressurized environments. Results showed that a wider flammable range was obtained in sub-atmospherics conditions. In middle pressure range (101–40 kPa), the required ppO₂ for ignition decreased almost linearly as the total pressure decreased, indicating that higher fire risk is expected. In lower pressure range (<40 kPa), the required partial pressure of oxygen increased dramatically, then ignition was eventually not achieved at pressures less than 20 kPa under the conditions studied here. The findings suggest that it might be difficult to satisfy safety in space agriculture since it has been reported that higher oxygen concentrations are preferable for plant growth in depressurized environments. Our results imply that there is an optimum pressure level to achieve less fire chance with acceptable plant growth. An increase of the flammable range in middle pressure level might be explained by following two effects: one is a physical effect, such as a weak convective thermal removal from ignitable domain (near the hot surface) to the ambient of atmosphere, and the other is chemical effect which causes so-called “explosion peninsula” as a result of depleting radical consumption due to third-body recombination reaction. Further studies are necessary to determine the controlling factor on the observed flammable trend in depressurized conditions.     

Statistical characteristics of spray autoignition of transient kerosene jet in cross flow

To study statistical characteristics of the random spray autoignition, aviation kerosene was injected transiently into non-vitiated air crossflow in a flow reactor with optical accesses. The operating conditions were relevant to gas turbine combustor: the air crossflow pressure and temperature were in the range of 1.4–1.7 MPa and 830–947 K, respectively, and the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios were 20, 50 and 80. Statistical distributions of random ignition delay times with adequate convergence were estimated based on histograms. The dependences of the distributions on reactor pressure, temperature, and jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio were studied. The results show that the resulting distributions appear more concentrated with the increase of air temperature or jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio. And then the correlations for the mean and standard deviation of the ignition delay time sample data were developed based on the present results. Compared with the correlations of ignition delay time of homogeneous premixed gas-phase kerosene/air mixture reported in the literature, the results show a greater significance pressure dependence and lower temperature sensitivity of the ignition delay time of non-premixed kerosene spray.     

民用飞机燃油泵的点火源防护

本文介绍民用飞机点火源防护的历史来源,提出接地故障保护的概念,分析接地故障中断继电器的基本工作原理及其在民用飞机上的应用。     

Experimental investigation of a gliding discharge plasma jet igniter

Relight of jet engines at high altitude is difficult due to the relatively low pressure and temperature of inlet air. The penetration of initial flame kernel affects the ignition probability in the turbine engine combustor greatly. In order to achieve successful ignition at high altitude, a deeper penetration of initial flame kernel should be generated. In this study, a Gliding Arc Plasma Jet Igniter(GAPJI) is designed to induce initial flame kernel with deeper penetration to achieve successful ...     

MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of a scramjet at Mach 2.0

The ignition process and flame propagation with ethylene fuel in cavity-stabilized scramjet by a Multi-Channel Gliding Arc(MCGA) at Mach 2.0 were investigated. Effects of equivalence ratios on the MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of the scramjet were recorded by two high-speed cameras from different view angles. The discharge characteristics of MCGA are also collected synchronously with the high-speed cameras. The distributions of temperature, velocity, and equivalence ratios...     

镁粉与二氧化碳动态点火燃烧特性数值研究

Mg粉/CO₂粉末发动机是火星探测中较为理想的原位资源利用方案，为了掌握Mg/CO₂粉末发动机稳定点火燃烧特性，在考虑氧化层厚度对Mg颗粒熄火影响的基础上，基于涡耗散/有限速率模型建立了点火燃烧模型，并应用数值计算方法研究了Mg粉颗粒粒径（5μm， 10μm， 15μm， 20μm和25μm）、入口预混气流雷诺数（1500， 2000， 2500， 3000和3500）和CO₂/Mg氧燃比（0.5， 1， 1.5， 2和2.5）对Mg粉/CO₂动态点火燃烧的影响。计算结果表明：雷诺数和氧燃比恒定时，随着粒径从5μm增加到10μm，平均温度升高，平均点火时间延长，燃烧效率增加；随着粒径从10μm增加到25μm，平均温度降低，平均点火时间延长，燃烧效率减少。粒径和氧燃比恒定时，平均温度随雷诺数增加而下降；平均点火时间和燃烧效率随雷诺数增加基本不变。粒径和雷诺数恒定，随着氧燃比从0.5增大到1.5，平均温度升高；随着氧燃比从1.5增大到2.5，平均温度下降；平均点火时间和燃烧效率随氧燃比增大基本不变。     

面向超燃数值模拟的正癸烷高温骨架机理

为了得到一个适用于超声速燃烧模拟的小规模正癸烷骨架机理，以现有的正癸烷燃烧机理（S709）为基础，通过机理简化和参数对比优化的方法，构建了包含27个物种和105个反应的高温骨架机理（S27）。在温度（T：1000–2000 K）、压力（p：0.1–0.3 MPa）、当量比（Φ：0.5–1.5）的超燃典型工况范围内，通过Chemkin-Pro软件计算了S27对于层流火焰速度、点火延迟时间、熄火拉伸率的预测值，在0.1 MPa富燃条件（Φ=1.7）下，计算了主要物种浓度分布，并与文献正癸烷骨架机理（S40，S96）、S709的模拟值和实验数据进行对比，以验证机理的合理性。结果表明S27的计算结果与文献实验数据和S709结果吻合良好。通过研究S27在高温条件下含C物种的反应途径以及影响层流火焰速度的关键反应，进一步证明了S27的合理性。相较于S709及其他正癸烷骨架机理，S27极大地提升了计算效率，展现了此机理应用于超燃流场数值模拟的良好前景。     

黑火药在真空环境下点火性能试验研究

黑火药作为固体火箭发动机中常用的点火药，是决定其工作性能的关键因素。为了研究黑火药在真空环境下的点火性能，通过真空点火试验，测试了不同点火结构、不同黑火药质量下的点火压力曲线和羽流现象，并与常压点火试验结果对比，分析了不同工况下黑火药点火性能的优劣。结果表明：真空环境下增加黑火药质量可以提高点火压强峰值，与常压条件相比提升幅度较小；与常压试验对比，真空下前端点火和尾部点火产生的压强峰值都会下降2MPa左右；不同黑火药质量的常压或真空点火试验中，前端点火试验样机到达压强峰值的时间都近似为5ms，而尾部点火试验样机到达峰值的时间不同；在真空点火试验中，羽流扩张角会在一段时间内变大或变小，即出现明显的黑火药不稳定燃烧现象，试验结束后有较多未燃烧完全的黑火药残留在发动机周围，而在常压点火试验中，这些未燃烧完全的黑火药颗粒会在空气中二次燃烧，黑火药残留较少。     

高空来流条件下航空发动机双旋流燃烧室点火特性数值模拟

为深入了解真实航空发动机燃烧室极端条件下点火性能，在自有CFD平台上对不同高空来流条件下典型航空发动机双旋流燃烧室点火过程进行了数值模拟。为保证模拟精度，对模型包括全部气膜冷却小孔在内的所有精细结构均进行了完全仿真，并完整再现了燃烧室内从燃油雾化到点火燃烧全过程。结果表明3种高空来流条件下单次点火均失败。点火过程显示高温燃气越过旋流杯中心向上回流区扩张是点火的关键时空区域，在此时补充点火可推动火焰顺利传播到整个主燃区。对8km和6km两种状态分别增加点火次数到3次和5次后最终点火成功，结果表明前者着火极限油气比约为0.057，后者为0.038~0.042。