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71.
In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed
non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering,
that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical
situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also
outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we
then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray
emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating
the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the
Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct
non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate.
However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <106 years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result
in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the
difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or
higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario
where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation,
for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely
lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic
injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks
by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion
years. 相似文献
72.
F. Durret J. S. Kaastra J. Nevalainen T. Ohashi N. Werner 《Space Science Reviews》2008,134(1-4):51-70
An excess over the extrapolation to the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray ranges of the thermal emission from the hot intracluster
medium has been detected in a number of clusters of galaxies. We briefly present each of the satellites (EUVE, ROSAT PSPC
and BeppoSAX, and presently XMM-Newton, Chandra and Suzaku) and their corresponding instrumental issues, which are responsible
for the fact that this soft excess remains controversial in a number of cases. We then review the evidence for this soft X-ray
excess and discuss the possible mechanisms (thermal and non-thermal) which could be responsible for this emission. 相似文献
73.
K. Dolag S. Borgani S. Schindler A. Diaferio A. M. Bykov 《Space Science Reviews》2008,134(1-4):229-268
Modern cosmological observations allow us to study in great detail the evolution and history of the large scale structure
hierarchy. The fundamental problem of accurate constraints on the cosmological parameters, within a given cosmological model,
requires precise modelling of the observed structure. In this paper we briefly review the current most effective techniques
of large scale structure simulations, emphasising both their advantages and shortcomings. Starting with basics of the direct
N-body simulations appropriate to modelling cold dark matter evolution, we then discuss the direct-sum technique GRAPE, particle-mesh (PM) and hybrid methods, combining the PM and the tree algorithms. Simulations of baryonic matter in the Universe often use hydrodynamic codes based on both particle
methods that discretise mass, and grid-based methods. We briefly describe Eulerian grid methods, and also some variants of
Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) methods. 相似文献
74.
曾声奎 《北京航空航天大学学报》1995,21(4):1-6
与美,英体系相比、前苏联可靠性工程独具特点,对可靠性保证概念;可靠性工程与产品故障机理分析相结合;可靠性分析与系统功能分析相结合;可靠性工程与相关学科相结合;注重工程实用与CAD化等五个方面进行了阐述,并强调了研究和借鉴前苏联可靠性工程的重要性。 相似文献
75.
导弹的RCS计算研究 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
综合应用高频RCS分析方法,包括物理光学法、几何绕射理论、物理绕射理论和等效电磁流法等计算了导弹各种散射源如平板、圆柱、二次曲面、边缘等的RCS.结合计算行波和二面角散射的经验公式,计算了导弹整体的RCS.计算结果与测试结果吻合较好,表明如果对目标的散射源分析正确、模拟准确,高频方法的计算结果可以满足工程分析的需要.其主要散射源在头向为雷达天线或红外导引头,在侧向为弹翼之间的二面角以及弹身、弹翼. 相似文献
76.
PSD器件及其在精密测量中的应用 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
张广军 《北京航空航天大学学报》1994,20(3):259-262
PSD器件是近几年出现的一种新型位置探测器,可直接用来测量角度、高度、距离及运动,本文介绍了PSD器件的工作,给出了三种PSD器件的等电路和坐标位置电流函数表达式,并就PSD器件在位移和三维运动测量中应用方式和应用范围进行了讨论。 相似文献
77.
用矢通量分裂法求解N-S方程和Euler方程,对超音通流风扇叶栅流场进行了数值模拟,由计算结果给出的物理图象表明,叶栅通道内没有强激波,亦未出现分离回流,全叶栅流场均为超音速,说明计算的两种叶型符合设计要求,其性能有待实验检验。 相似文献
78.
通过对在不同外磁场下Bi1.9Pb0.3Sr2.0Ca1.7Mg0.3Cu3.1Ox超导块材的交流磁化率的测量,获得了样品内晶粒间和晶粒内对外场的不问响应范围.通过与粉状样品实验结果的比较和X光分析,认为块状样品在温度为100K左右出现的抗磁台阶是样品内晶粒间超导弱连接的一种抗磁效应.对弱连接区有效钉扎力Fp和临界电流密度Jc与外场H的关系进行了讨论. 相似文献
79.
M. Ishiguro Y. Sarugaku S. Nishihara Y. Nakada S. Nishiura T. Soyano K. Tarusawa T. Mukai S.M. Kwon S. Hasegawa F. Usui M. Ueno 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
Cometary dust trails were first observed by IRAS; they are widely known to be the origins of meteoric showers. A new window has been opened for the study of dust trails, using ground-based observations. We succeeded in obtaining direct images of the 22P/Kopff dust trail with the Kiso 1.05-m Schmidt telescope. Following this initial success, we have continued to perform a dust trail survey at Kiso. As a result of this survey, we have detected dust trails along the orbit of six periodic comets, between February 2002 and March 2004. The optical depth of these dust trails are 10−9 to 10−8, which is consistent with IRAS measurements. In this paper, we describe the observations and data reduction procedures, and report the brief result obtained between February 2002 and March 2004. 相似文献
80.
基于Web方式下的信息管理系统的开发 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文介绍了一个基于Web方式下信息信息管理系统的开发实例,重点阐述了Web方式下信息管理系统的设计思想以及及关键技术的实现 相似文献