拦截高速目标的比例与反比例导引捕获区分析

针对拦截高速目标的作战特点,分析了比例导引(PN)与反比例导引(RPN)的捕获区。首先,通过分析拦截弹与目标的相对运动关系,推导得到了顺轨和逆轨的零控拦截条件,此条件由目标和拦截弹的速度前置角以及二者速度比确定;其次,以拦截弹和目标速度前置角为坐标系,推导得到了PN以及RPN捕获区以及各自导航比设置范围。PN的捕获区由逆轨零控拦截条件以及与其相切且斜率为1/(N-1)的两条直线构成,RPN的捕获区由顺轨零控拦截条件以及与其相切且斜率为1/(-N-1)的两条直线构成;然后,利用函数对称性将PN与RPN捕获区转换到同一坐标区间,得到了相同条件下RPN捕获区要大于PN捕获区的结论;最后,开展了四种情形下的仿真,验证了本文捕获区分析的合理性及有效性。     

Prediction of shock-layer ultraviolet radiation for hypersonic vehicles in near space

A systemic and validated model was developed to predict ultraviolet spectra features from the shock layer of near-space hypersonic vehicles in the ‘‘solar blind" band region. Computational procedures were performed with 7-species thermal non-equilibrium fluid mechanics, finite rate chemistry, and radiation calculations. The thermal non-equilibrium flow field was calculated with a two-temperature model by the finite volume technique and verified against the bow-shock ultra-violet(BSUV) flight experiments. The absorption coefficient of the mixture gases was evaluated with a line-by-line method and validated through laboratory shock tube measurements. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, radiation was calculated from three BSUV flights at altitudes of 38,53.5 and 71 km. The investigation focused on the level and structure of ultraviolet spectra radiated from a NO band system in wavelengths of 200–400 nm. Results predicted by the current model show qualitative spatial agreement with the measured data. At a velocity of 3.5 km/s(about Mach11), the peak absolute intensity at an altitude of 38 km is two orders of magnitude higher than that at 53.5 km. Under the same flight conditions, the spectra structures have quite a similar distribution at different viewing angles. The present computational model performs well in the prediction of the ultraviolet spectra emitted from the shock layer and will contribute to the investigation and analysis of radiative features of hypersonic vehicles in near space.     

高超声速飞行器预设性能反演控制方法设计

为解决吸气式高超声速飞行器的飞行控制问题,提出了一种新型预设性能神经反演控制器设计方法。通过构造预设性能函数,保证速度跟踪误差和高度跟踪误差能够按照预设的收敛速度、超调量及稳态误差收敛至期望的区域,同时满足系统预设的瞬态性能和稳态精度。在反演控制设计结构下,引入径向基函数（RBF）神经网络对模型未知函数及不确定项进行逼近,提高了控制系统的鲁棒性。引入的RBF神经网络中仅有一个参数需要在线更新,有效提高了控制准确性,避免了通常反演控制方法中经常出现的"微分膨胀问题",并降低了计算量。通过仿真实验验证了所设计控制系统的有效性和可行性。      

基于SAGWO算法的UCAVs动态协同任务分配

通过分析无人作战飞机（UCAV）优势概率和任务联合威胁以及定义任务时间,建立了以目标价值毁伤、编队损耗代价和时间消耗为性能指标的多无人作战飞机（UCAVs）多约束动态任务分配数学模型,采用改进的灰狼优化（GWO）算法对数学模型进行求解;针对基本GWO算法求解早熟的缺点,给出了自适应调整策略和跳出局部最优策略,引入了二次曲线控制方法;对UCAVs动态协同任务分配特点,设计了目标任务序列编码方式,提出了基于自适应GWO（SAGWO）算法的UCAVs多目标动态任务分配方法。从静态与动态2种情况分别对该方法进行仿真验证;仿真结果表明,该方法是有效的,相比较于其他算法,其优化过程快速精准。      

Experimental investigation of boundary layer transition over a delta wing at Mach number 6

An experimental study on the boundary layer transition over a delta wing was carried out at Mach number 6 in a quiet wind tunnel. The Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature-Sensitive Paints (TSP) techniques were used to measure the fine flow field structure and the wall Stanton number of the delta wing. The influence of factors such as the angle of attack and the Reynolds number was studied. The following results were obtained. The boundary layer transition between the leading edge and the centerline was dominated by the crossflow instability. At the location of the initial appearance of the traveling crossflow waves, the Stanton number began to rise. The Stanton number reached a maximum when the crossflow waves were broken up to turbulence. Increasing the angle of attack increased the spanwise pressure gradient at the windward side of the delta wing, thereby increasing the crossflow instability and advancing the boundary layer transition front. However, increasing the angle of attack caused the transition front to move backward at the leeward side. In addition, the sensitivity of the boundary layer transition to the Reynolds number varied with the angle of attack and the region.     

Hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic design using modified sequential approximate optimization

Hypersonic vehicles are receiving increased attention within the aerospace community due to their high cruise speed and long-range capabilities. In this paper, a modified Sequential Approximate Optimization method is proposed for an optimized aerodynamic design of a hypersonic vehicle. As part of this approach, a constrained experimental design method is developed to handle the constraints more efficiently. A radial basis function is used to surrogate time-consuming CFD analysis. An efficient and more robust numerical mesh morphing scheme for the hypersonic vehicle is developed for the generation of high-quality meshes. Within this paper, a novel adaptive infilling strategy is proposed which uses an inaccurate search technique coupled with an elite archive. This allows the location of a more promising sample region and hence improves the surrogate accuracy, thereby further enhancing the optimization efficiency. A hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic design problem is solved using the proposed approach and satisfactory results are obtained at much lower computational costs. The lift-to-drag ratio is increased by 23.8% when compared with the base configuration while also satisfying the volume and lift constraints. The pressure and Mach contours have been compared with those of the base configuration and the results demonstrate the strength of the optimized configuration. The modified sequential approximate optimization for designing an improved hypersonic vehicle is worth referencing in future work.     

柔性热防护系统及相关热考核试验

柔性热防护系统为高超声速充气气动减速器的防热需求而发展,主要为大质量地球再入及未来火星的进入、下降和着陆系统的防热而研发。本文介绍了美国针对高超声速充气气动减速器已经进行和正在策划的飞行试验情况以及火星进入、下降和着陆系统对柔性热防护系统的使用热环境需求。对柔性热防护系统的基本组成进行了介绍,详细描述柔性热防护系统的相关热考核试验。     

腹支撑对飞行器高超声速试验结果影响的数值计算

用数值求解N-S方程模拟翼身组合体腹支撑干扰流场,研究了高超声速条件下腹支撑对飞行器流场、物面压力和整弹气动特性的影响。研究表明,腹支撑支杆对翼身组合体外形气动特性的影响,比我们通常概念中的影响要小得多,原因在于腹支杆不但在支杆附近产生激波,而且支杆的尾迹对后体及后体弹翼附近流场和表面压力带来很大的影响。腹支杆在支杆附近产生的激波对弹体的轴向力和法向力也产生正的影响,而支杆的尾迹对轴向力和法向力产生负的影响,它们之间的相对大小与来流攻角和Mach数有关,因此在一定的攻角条件下,反而引起轴向力和法向力下降。在本文计算外形和来流条件下,腹支杆的存在使α>1.5°以后的轴向力和α>4°以后的法向力反而下降,α<1.5°的轴向力和α<4°的法向力增大。α>1.5°以后由于支杆引起后体弹翼和弹身上载荷的下降,因此压力中心前移。Mach数越高,支杆的影响稍大。     

基于粗糙基的高超声速进气道起动／不起动分类方法研究

进气道起动／不起动状态检测是高超声速进气道研究的重要内容，它是进气道保护控制的基础和前提。针对这一问题，对高超声速进气道进行了不同边界条件下的二维稳态流场数值模拟。提出了利用粗糙集方法对进气道的测点进行约简处理，得到了进气道起动／不起动的分类准则，对分类准则进行了内在的物理机制分析，并利用其它工况数据对判断准则进行了验证。验证结果表明了分类准则的正确性。     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.