Separation process of multi-spheres in hypersonic flow

The separation process of multi-spheres in hypersonic flow has been experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted in a shock tunnel at a nominal freestream Mach number of 6. Iron or acetal small light spheres with different sizes, varying from 2.38 to 6 mm, were considered. They were mounted by a thin wire. The trajectory of the spheres was analyzed using optical images. By varying the radius and the number of spheres from a single to multiple spheres, the lateral velocity and the separation behavior including the phenomenon known as ‘shock wave surfing’ were measured and analyzed. A new equation to account for the lateral velocity of the multi-spheres was proposed by extending the well-known Passey and Melosh’s theory based on two bodies. The theoretical results were compared with the presented experimental data and a good agreement was found. Using the derived equation, the re-entry trajectory analysis of multi-spheres, that is regarded as the hypothetical break-up, was performed. The ground footprint and downrange due to the separation of the multi-spheres were compared with that of single- and two-spheres. The results showed that as the number of spheres increased, the lateral velocity increased while the ballistic coefficient decreased. This led to a large discrepancy in the ground footprint as well as the downrange when compared to the single sphere. Caution should therefore be exercised in the trajectory analysis when the effect of separation induced due to fragmentation is not considered.     

高超声速滑翔飞行器再入轨迹快速、高精度优化

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器再入轨迹优化问题，提出一种基于稀疏差分法和网格细化技术的快速、高精度求解方法。该方法应用局部配点法将再入轨迹优化问题转化为非线性规划(NLP)问题，从两方面提高轨迹优化的效率和精度。一方面，引入一种高效的稀疏差分法计算NLP的一阶偏导数，提高NLP的求解效率；另一方面，提出一种基于新型广义二分网格的网格细化算法调整离散节点的数量和分布，使得方法能够采用较少的节点数目取得较高的优化精度，从而减小NLP的规模和计算量。应用该方法求解了高超声速滑翔再入轨迹优化问题，仿真结果表明所述方法能够快速生成一条严格满足各种约束的最优三维再入轨迹。在此基础上，研究了滑翔飞行器的再入落点区范围，进一步检验了该方法的有效性。     

Integrated method of guidance,control and morphing for hypersonic morphing vehicle in glide phase

The morphing technology of hypersonic vehicle improved the flight performance by changing aerodynamic characteristics with shape deformations, but the design of guidance and control system with morphing laws remained to be explored. An Integrated of Guidance, Control and Morphing (IGCM) method for Hypersonic Morphing Vehicle (HMV) was developed in this paper. The IGCM method contributed to an effective solution of morphing characteristic to improve flight performance and reject the disturbance for guidance and control system caused by the morphing system for HMV in gliding phase. The IGCM models were established based on the motion models and aerodynamic models of the variable span vehicle. Then the IGCM method was designed by adaptive block dynamic surface back-stepping method with stability proof. The parallel controlled simulations’ results showed the effectiveness in accomplishing the flight mission of IGCM method in glide phase with smaller terminal errors. The velocity loss of HMV was reduced by 32.8% which inferred less flight time and larger terminal flight velocity than invariable span vehicle. Under the condition of large deviations of aerodynamic parameters and atmospheric density, the robustness of IGCM method with variable span was verified.     

Standing window of oblique detonation with pathological behaviour

Standing of an Oblique Detonation Wave (ODW) on a wedge within combustor is the prerequisite of thrust generation for ODW engine which is regarded as a novel and conceptual propulsion device with hypersonic flight Mach number. Usually a standing window of ODW is defined as the wedge angle ranged from the ODW detached angle from wedge (upper limit) to the angle that a Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation occurs (lower limit). For pathological detonation cases, however, the CJ detonation cannot be achieved, and thus the lower limit of the standing window of ODW should be revisited. In present study, two types of reactions in hypersonic incoming flow that include the behavior of pathological detonation, that is, the single-step irreversible reaction with mole variation and the two-step irreversible reactions with exothermic process followed by endothermic process, have been used for studying standing behavior of ODW. The steady detonation polar analysis of ODW is carried out for both reaction systems. The results reveal that the reaction with more mole decrement and the reactions with stronger endothermic process show the pathological detonation feature and therefore modify the lower limit of standing window of ODW. Three equivalent parameters are proposed to quantitatively measure the standing window range of ODW from points of view of thermodynamics, Mach number of incoming flow and heat effect of reactions. It is found that the standing window of ODW is determined by the specific heat ratio, the overdrive degree of detonation and the endothermic level of the hypersonic incoming flow, regardless of whether the detonation is pathological or not.     

Numerical simulation of multi-dimensional inviscid compressible flows by using TV-HLL scheme

This paper deals with the numerical solution of inviscid compressible flows. The threedimensional Euler equations describing the mentioned problem are presented and solved numerically with the finite volume method. The evaluation of the numerical flux at the interfaces is performed by using the Toro Vazquez-Harten Lax Leer(TV-HLL) scheme. An essential feature of the proposed scheme is to associate two systems of differential equations, called the advection system and the pressure system. It can be implemented with a very simple manner in the standard finite volume Euler and Navier–Stokes codes as extremely simple task. The scheme is applied to some test problems covering a wide spectrum of Mach numbers, including hypersonic, low speed flow and three-dimensional aerodynamics applications.     

Blade bowing effects on radial equilibrium of inlet flow in axial compressor cascades

The circumferentially averaged equation of the inlet flow radial equilibrium in axial compressor was deduced.It indicates that the blade inlet radial pressure gradient is closely related to the radial component of the circumferential fluctuation (CF) source item.Several simplified cascades with/without aerodynamic loading were numerically studied to investigate the effects of blade bowing on the inlet flow radial equilibrium.A data reduction program was conducted to obtain the CF source from three-dimensional (3D) simulation results.Flow parameters at the passage inlet were focused on and each term in the radial equilibrium equation was discussed quantitatively.Results indicate that the inviscid blade force is the inducement of the inlet CF due to geometrical asymmetry.Blade bowing induces variation of the inlet CF,thus changes the radial pressure gradient and leads to flow migration before leading edge (LE) in the cascades.Positive bowing drives the inlet flow to migrate from end walls to mid-span and negative bowing turns it to the reverse direction to build a new equilibrium.In addition,comparative studies indicate that the inlet Mach number and blade loading can efficiently impact the effectiveness of blade bowing on radial equilibrium in compressor design.     

基于遗传算法的高超声速曲面压缩进气道反设计

结合计算流体力学和遗传算法,建立了一种高超声速曲面压缩进气道的反设计方法。根据压力分布反设计了压缩型面。结果表明,该曲面压力分布与目标压力分布符合良好,从而验证了反设计方法的正确性。采用此反设计方法,设计了某高超声速曲面压缩进气道,并和等熵压缩二维进气道进行了比较。研究发现,在其它性能参数几乎相等情况下,曲面压缩进气道总压恢复较等熵压缩基准进气道提高9.7%,长度缩短5.6%。吞入23mm前体附面层后,基准进气道不起动,而曲面压缩进气道总压恢复系数仅下降5.4%,表现出良好的吞附面层能力。     

巡航段高超声速飞行器的高阶指数时变滑模飞行控制器设计

针对高超声速飞行器的巡航控制存在的不确定气动参数问题,提出了一种具有全局鲁棒性的指数时变滑模控制方法。首先将纵向模型进行精确线性化,提出了一种新的指数时变滑模面,在此基础上设计了一种高阶时变滑模控制律。该控制律使系统相轨迹从初始时刻起始终处于滑动阶段,消除了常规时不变滑模控制的到达阶段,保证了控制过程中对系统参数不确定性的全局鲁棒性。最后,用李亚普诺夫理论证明了该控制律的稳定性。控制律参数采用遗传算法进行优化,优化的指标由系统响应误差的积分和参数违反约束时的惩罚项组成。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Hypersonic starting flow at high angle of attack

Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.     

Thermal protection mechanism of heat pipe in leading edge under hypersonic conditions

Sharp local structure, like the leading edge of hypersonic aircraft, confronts a severe aerodynamic heating environment at a Mach number greater than 5. To eliminate the danger of a material failure, a semi-active thermal protection system is proposed by integrating a metallic heat pipe into the structure of the leading edge. An analytical heat-balance model is established from traditional aerodynamic theories, and then thermal and mechanical characteristics of the structure are studied at Mach number 6–8 for three refractory alloys, Inconel 625, C-103, and T-111. The feasibility of this simple analytical method as an initial design tool for hypersonic aircraft is assessed through numerical simulations using a finite element method. The results indicate that both the isothermal and the maximum temperatures fall but the von Mises stress increases with a longer design length of the leading edge. These two temperatures and the stress rise remarkably at a higher Mach number. Under all investigated hypersonic conditions, with a 3 mm leading edge radius and a0.15 m design length, the maximum stress exceeds the yield strength of Inconel 625 at Mach numbers greater than 6, which means a material failure. Moreover, both C-103 and T-111 meet all requirements at Mach number 6–8.