Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

吸气式组合动力高超声速飞行器上升段制导方法研究

针对涡轮/冲压/火箭三组合动力水平起降高超声速飞行器爬升段飞行轨迹设计和制导律设计问题,首先考虑宽速域组合动力发动机多模态特性和高低速气动特性差异,分别开展了涡轮段、引射段、纯冲压段及冲压火箭段的飞行策略研究,提出了不同阶段的飞行攻角剖面构型和火箭流量剖面构型,将无穷维轨迹优化问题转化为有限维参数规划问题,进而完成了组合动力上升段飞行轨迹的优化设计;在此基础上,结合轨迹线性化控制方法,开展了组合动力上升段轨迹跟踪制导律设计研究,给出了保证闭环稳定性和控制品质的制导律参数设计准则,最后通过开展仿真分析说明了提出轨迹设计及制导方法的有效性。     

基于地形匹配的高超声速飞行器初始定向偏差在线辨识方法

针对高超声速飞行器机动发射条件下自瞄准时间短、初始定向偏差大的问题,提出一种基于地形匹配的初始定向偏差在线辨识方法。以综合初始对准和姿态控制的惯性系统导航误差模型为分析基础,融合相邻两个地形匹配区两次地形匹配定位结果,建立了初始定向偏差在线辨识模型,并从惯性系统工具误差系数偏差和地形匹配定位误差两方面讨论了辨识模型的适应性。以美国高超声速飞行器CAV H为研究对象建立仿真环境,采用蒙特卡洛法检验初始定向偏差辨识效果。仿真结果表明,在地形匹配定位误差为173.88 m (3σ)情况下,初始定向剩余偏差平均值为8.42″,最大值为34.65″,能够有效提高惯性系统导航精度,并且有助于缩短发射准备时间、提高武器系统生存能力。     

透平进气阀箱的数值模拟

用数值方法模拟了透平进气阀箱的内部流动。为了改善计算的收敛性和提高计算精度,程序采用了ＳＩＭＰＬＥＳＴ迭代求解方法,并引入ｋ－ε湍流模型、壁面函数法和空度的概念进行了数值计算。计算结果表明,本文的方法能够较好的模拟进气阀箱内部复杂的流动,并与已有的一些实验结果吻合良好。     

非均匀流等溢流角设计高超侧压进气道

工作在前体附面层内的高超侧壁压缩进气道,来流的非均匀性应该是进气道设计的一个重要依据。按经典的附面层理论和等溢流角设计准则设计了侧壁压缩角为６°,前缘型线为圆弧的变后掠角高超侧压式进气道模型,在Ｍａ５．３／Ｍａ４风洞中利用风洞壁面自然发展的附面层进行非均匀来流下进气道性能试验。试验发现,在相同的来流附面层条件下,圆弧前缘进气道相对于直前缘进气道喉道处的压力畸变小、进气道总压恢复高。     

A high-order model of rotating stall in axial compressors with inlet distortion

In this paper,a high-order distortion model is proposed for analyzing the rotating stall inception process induced by inlet distortion in axial compressors.A distortion-generating screen in the compressor inlet is considered.By assuming a quadratic function for the local flow total pressure-drop,the existing Mansoux model is extended to include the effects of static inlet distor tion,and a new high-order distortion model is derived.To illustrate the effectiveness of the distortion model,numerical simulations are performed on an eighteenth-order model.It is demonstrated that long length-scale disturbances emerge out of the distorted background flow,and further induce the onset of rotating stall in advance.In addition,the circumferential non-uniform distribution and time evolution of the axial flow are also shown to be consistent with the existing features.It is thus shown that the high-order distortion model is capable of describing the transient behavior of stall inception and will contribute further to stall detection under inlet distortion.     

Maneuver control at high angle of attack based on real-time optimization of integrated aero-propulsion

To reduce the propulsion system installation thrust loss under high angle of attack maneuvering, a control method based on real-time optimization of the integrated aeropropulsion is proposed. Firstly, based on data fitting and physical principle, an integrated onboard model of propulsion system is established, which can calculate various performance parameters of the propulsion system in real time, and has high accuracy and real-time performance. Secondly, to improve the compatibility of optimiz...     

吸气式高超声速飞行器气动热试验研究

为获得吸气式高超声速飞行器气动热环境的数据,开展了气动热试验研究。在激波风洞中,来流马赫数Ma=6.12,来流单位雷诺数Re/L=1.37×107(1/m)试验条件下,对吸气式高超声速飞行器1/4缩比模型进行了表面气动热的测量。试验获得了小攻角变化范围内的飞行器头部前缘、头部上下交线、机身上下表面中心线、机身横截面周向、平尾垂尾前缘、发动机唇口等位置的热流率分布。研究结果表明,吸气式高超声速飞行器头部前缘、前体进气道壁面、发动机唇口、平尾垂尾前缘气动加热最为严重,另外乘波体外形的设计与布局影响热流的分布。     

高超声速飞行器建模与控制的一体化设计

针对高超声速飞行器纵向模型具有非线性、强耦合及不确定性等特点,提出 高超声速飞行器建模与控制一体化设计方法。该方法首先以具有典型结构的高超声速飞行器 几何外形为研究对象,结合高超声速空气动力学的有关理论,建立飞行器的非线性纵向模型 方程;然后在不同飞行条件下获取多个平衡点,分析飞行的气动特性,进而在每一个平衡点 上设计具有非线性解耦控制能力的控制器,并将得到的多平衡点控制参数结合起来,进行插 值计算,实现多平衡点的连续飞行;最后的仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法是切实可行的。
     

高超声速机动目标天基跟踪鲁棒性滤波方法

为解决高超声速滑翔飞行器(HGV)机动飞行过程中的跟踪问题,提出了一种基于机动观测器补偿的鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波方法。针对传统卡尔曼滤波器由于模型误差而无法稳定跟踪的问题,首先建立了HGV动力学模型和天基红外测量模型;随后,设计机动观测器对未知气动加速度进行在线估计;在此基础上,利用机动估计对扩展卡尔曼滤波中的预测步骤进行修正,克服了因模型误差而导致的滤波发散问题;最后,考虑到机动观测器的时延误差,在扩展卡尔曼滤波迭代过程中引入次优渐消因子,提高了滤波跟踪的鲁棒性。与强跟踪滤波、扩维卡尔曼滤波、交互多模型滤波等典型跟踪方法相比,所提方法可在不具备目标机动先验信息的情况下,以较低的计算耗时取得良好的稳定性和跟踪精度。