Electrode design using revolving entity extraction for high-efficiency electric discharge machining of integral shrouded blisk

The integral shrouded blisk provides better performance with minimum weight, but its semi-open structure presents problems for its production. Manufacturing processes of these components require a removal of about 70%-90% of material from their blanks. Multi-axis electrical discharge machining (EDM) is commonly used for these processes, but its poor efficiency cannot meet the requirements of mass production. Strong flushing assisted high-current discharge is able to improve the machining efficiency. In this paper, this method was applied to manufacture the integral shrouded blisk. An electrode design method was proposed. Taking the largest revolving entity inside the flow channel as the base geometry, this laminated arc-shaped hollow electrode meets the requirements such as high pressure flushing, tool wear compensation, and easy to be made. A 4-axis linkage machining tool path with planetary motion was proposed. Taking an integral guide vane ring as an example, it has been experimentally verified that the time consumption for each channel using this method was reduced to a half of the ordinary EDM method, while the finished surface quality remains same.     

飞机尾涡系Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性实验研究

以飞机起降过程中主翼和尾翼产生反向涡系存在相互作用的事实为背景,设计了一套反向双漩涡发生装置。通过改变两涡的位置关系与初始涡强度比值,采用流动显示与粒子成像测速(PIV)技术,对涡系相交不稳定性的作用特性进行了研究。结果表明:小涡的引入改变了主涡原有运动轨迹,合理地引入小涡的位置与小涡的强度,对主涡能量的衰减有明显的促进作用,但它们之间不呈现明显的线性关系;涡空间运动轨迹的分析,对未来完善机场起降控制模型有一定借鉴意义;实验结果也为飞机整体设计提供了一定参考依据,在满足飞行力学的设计基础上,优化整体气动布局对降低飞机尾流强度有显著的影响。     

Matching trajectory optimization and nonlinear tracking control for HALE

This paper concerns optimal trajectory generation and nonlinear tracking control for stratospheric airship platform of VIA-200. To compensate for the mismatch between the point-mass model of optimal trajectory and the 6-DOF model of the nonlinear tracking problem, a new matching trajectory optimization approach is proposed. The proposed idea reduces the dissimilarity of both problems and reduces the uncertainties in the nonlinear equations of motion for stratospheric airship. In addition, its refined optimal trajectories yield better results under jet stream conditions during flight. The resultant optimal trajectories of VIA-200 are full three-dimensional ascent flight trajectories reflecting the realistic constraints of flight conditions and airship performance with and without a jet stream. Finally, 6-DOF nonlinear equations of motion are derived, including a moving wind field, and the vectorial backstepping approach is applied. The desirable tracking performance is demonstrated that application of the proposed matching optimization method enables the smooth linkage of trajectory optimization to tracking control problems.     

Imaging Global Electron Content backwards in time more than 160 years ago

The Global Electron Content, GEC, represents the total number of electrons in the spherical layer over the Earth restricted by orbit of Global Positioning Satellite system (20,200 km). GEC is produced from Global Ionospheric Map of Total Electron Content, GIM-TEC, transformed to the electron density varying with height using the International Reference Ionosphere and Plasmasphere model, IRI-Plas. The climatologic GEC model is developed from GIM-TEC maps for a period 1999–2012 including the solar activity, annual and semiannual cycles as the most important factors affecting daily GEC variation. The proxy R_zp of the international sunspot numbers, R_i, is used as a measure of solar activity composed of 3 day smoothed R_i, 7 day and 81 day backwards mean of R_i scaled to the range of 1–40 proxy units, p.u. The root mean square error of the GEC climatologic model is found to vary from 8% to 13% of GEC. Taking advantage of a long history of sunspot numbers, the climatologic GEC model is applied for GEC reconstruction backwards in time for more than 160 years ago since 1850. The extended set of GEC values provides the numerical representation of the ionosphere and plasmasphere electron content coherent with variations of solar activity as a potential proxy index driving the ionosphere models.     

The classical Laplace plane as a stable disposal orbit for geostationary satellites

The classical Laplace plane is a frozen orbit, or equilibrium solution for the averaged dynamics arising from Earth oblateness and lunisolar gravitational perturbations. The pole of the orbital plane of uncontrolled GEO satellites regress around the pole of the Laplace plane at nearly constant inclination and rate. In accordance with Friesen et al. (1993), we show how this stable plane can be used as a robust long-term disposal orbit. The current graveyard regions for end-of-life retirement of GEO payloads, which is several hundred kilometers above GEO depending on the spacecraft characteristics, cannot contain the newly discovered high area-to-mass ratio debris population. Such objects are highly susceptible to the effects of solar radiation pressure exhibiting dramatic variations in eccentricity and inclination over short periods of time. The Laplace plane graveyard, on the contrary, would trap this debris and would not allow these objects to rain down through GEO. Since placing a satellite in this inclined orbit can be expensive, we discuss some alternative disposal schemes that have acceptable cost-to-benefit ratios.     

反射激波作用下两种重气柱界面不稳定性实验研究

在水平方形激波管中对两种无膜重气柱界面(分别是SF6和氩气)在反射激波作用下的不稳定性发展进行了实验研究。气柱界面采用射流技术形成,实验采用连续激光片光源照射流场,乙二醇作为示踪粒子,并用高速摄像机对流场进行拍摄,获得了入射激波以及反射激波共同作用下,两种不同气柱界面的演化过程。实验结果表明,两种气柱的Atwood数不同,界面演化速率不同,反射激波到达前后的界面形态不同。SF6气柱在入射激波作用下会产生两个比较明显的反向的涡环结构,而氩气柱界面上由于产生的涡量较少,涡环结构并不明显。在反射激波作用下,SF6气柱界面会出现明显的次级涡对,而且次级涡对的旋转方向与初始涡环结构的旋转方向相反。对于氩气柱而言,在反射激波作用下虽然也产生了与初始涡环方向相反的次级涡对,但次级涡对始终未充分发展。这是因为反射激波作用时氩气柱界面的Atwood数较小导致氩气柱界面上产生的反向涡量较少。实验结果充分表明了气体Atwood数对界面不稳定性的发展起到了较大的影响。     

飞行参数对导弹发动机羽流的影响

对导弹发动机在不同飞行条件下的羽流进行数值模拟,得到飞行参数对导弹发动机羽流的影响规律,为载机挂点设计和制定发射边界提供了相应的理论依据。计算结果表明,在相同飞行马赫数下随飞行高度的增加,导弹羽流边界随之增加：在相同飞行高度下随飞行马赫数的增加,导弹羽流边界随之减小,同时导弹羽流结构也随飞行奈件变化而有很大的不同。数值模拟与地面试验结果一致,计算具有较高的可信度。     

双级轴向涡流器文氏管长度对流场和喷雾特性影响

为了研究双级轴向涡流器文氏管长度对流场和喷雾特性的影响,通过数值计算和试验分别研究了4种文氏管长度的双级轴向涡流器方案的下游流场和匹配喷嘴的雾化特性。结果表明:随着文氏管无量纲长度由0.23增加至0.49,一级涡流器流量系数由0.98降至0.7,二级涡流器的流量系数保持0.75不变,涡流器出口旋流数由0.08增至0.48,旋流扩张角由闭合状态增至约90°,涡流器下游流场由反转回流区变为传统回流区。文氏管长度最短的方案的索太尔平均直径(SMD)和喷雾锥角受涡流器压降的影响较小,而其他方案的SMD和喷雾锥角受涡流器压降影响较大,且在相同涡流器压降和油压下,SMD和喷雾锥角随着文氏管长度增加而增大。      

双层壁冷却结构中多排射流冲击冷却的换热和流阻特性

采用稳态热敏液晶技术对双层壁冷却结构中的多排（包括顺排和叉排）射流冲击冷却结构进行了风洞实验,同时结合数值模拟的方法,对两种射流冲击冷却结构的传热和流阻特性的差异进行了研究。实验结果表明:流量系数和冲击靶板上的努塞尔数均随着雷诺数的增大而增大,而冲击孔的排布方式对面平均努塞尔数的影响较小,但是叉排结构的流量系数高于顺排结构,且冲击靶板上换热更加均匀。数值结果显示冲击靶板中心区域的流量分配和换热均随着冲击距离的增大而增大;而在下游区域内恰好与之相反。      

基于EMT采用FEM研究含裂纹介质中弹性波传播机制

了解和掌握弹性波在含有裂纹介质中的传播规律是开发利用页岩气等非常规油气资源中的关键科学问题.本文基于数值模拟的优点,采用商用有限元软件Nastran模拟弹性波在含裂纹介质中的激发及传播方式,分析了弹性波在该介质中裂纹微结构(密度和纵横比)对弹性波传播动力学特性的依赖程度.结果表明:有限元方法(FEM)可以用于该问题的研究;Hudson等效介质理论(EMT)不适用泊松比近0.5的材料;裂纹密度、纵横比的增大会减小纵波(P波)波速值,以及衰减位移时域响应的首波振幅,且裂纹密度对于该材料的各向异性的影响要远大于纵横比的作用.