An update about recent developments of the PHITS code

PHITS (Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System) is a general-purpose three-dimensional Monte Carlo code, developed and maintained by RIST, JAEA and KEK in Japan together with Sihver et al. at Chalmers in Sweden. PHITS can deal with the transports of all varieties of hadrons and heavy ions with energies up to around 100 GeV/nucleon, and in this paper the current status of PHITS is presented. We introduce a relativistically covariant version of JQMD, called R-JQMD, that features an improved ground state initialization algorithm, and we will present the introduction of electron and photon transport in PHITS using EGS5, which have increased the energy region for the photon and energy transport from up to around 3 GeV to up to several hundred GeV depending on the atomic number of the target. We show how the accuracy in dose and fluence calculations can be improved by using tabulated cross sections. Benchmarking of shielding and irradiation effects of high energy protons in different materials relevant for shielding of accelerator facilities is also presented. In particular, we show that PHITS can be used for estimating the dose received by aircrews and personnel in space. In recent years, many countries have issued regulations or recommendations to set annual dose limitations for aircrews. Since estimation of cosmic-ray spectra in the atmosphere is an essential issue for the evaluation of aviation doses, we have calculated these spectra using PHITS. The accuracy of the atmospheric propagation simulation of cosmic-ray performed by PHITS has been well verified by experimental cosmic-ray spectra taken under various conditions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the simulation results, an analytical model called “PARMA” has been proposed for instantaneously estimating the atmospheric cosmic-ray spectra below the altitude of 20 km. We have also performed preliminary simulations of long-term dose distribution measurements at the ISS performed with the joint ESA-FSA experiment MATROSHKA-R (MTR-R) led by the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP) and the ESA supported experiment MATROSHKA (MTR), led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). For the purpose of examining the applicability of PHITS to the shielding design in space, the absorbed doses in a tissue equivalent water phantom inside an imaginary space vessel has been estimated for different shielding materials of different thicknesses. The results confirm previous results which indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool when performing shielding design studies of spacecrafts.     

大推力液体火箭发动机研究

大推力火箭发动机是航天发展的基础,是国家高科技水平和综合国力的体现。分析了运载火箭主动力发展的现状和趋势,指出大推力液氧煤油发动机和液氧液氢发动机是发展方向和最佳组合。提出了我国重型运载火箭大推力液氧煤油发动机和液氧液氢发动机的总体方案和主要参数,研究了两种发动机的关键技术及其解决途径。这两种大推力发动机的研制,将为我国载人登月、深空探测等重大航天活动和空间利用提供动力支撑。     

大尺寸大厚度复合材料梁外形精确控制技术

大型复合材料零件的外形精度是其成型工艺的难点,针对大尺寸大厚度复合材料梁的结构特点,研究了影响大型复合材料U型梁外形精度的因素,通过精确的热膨胀补偿、回弹补偿和厚度控制等工艺方法对主要影响因素加以控制,实现了对大尺寸大厚度复合材料梁外形的精确控制.     

污泥热化学处理过程中重金属在底灰中的残留特性研究

采用固定床式试验台和小型流化床装置对城市污水污泥和自然湖底污泥进行了热解和焚烧试验。用原子吸收分光光度计对不同工况下重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr进行了测定，考察了加热温度、含水率及停留时间等因素对重金属在中的残留特性的影响。试验表明，Cu、Zn、Cr主要残留在灰渣中，Cd、Pb、Ni部分残留在灰渣中。最后，应用灰色系统理论对重金属残留特性进行了分析和预测，通过理论分析与试验数据的对比，得到了很好的预测效果。     

大型液体火箭发动机的最新发展

根据美国对ＳＳＭＥ和ＳＴＭＥ的改进设计以及前苏联、欧洲和日本分别对ＲＤ－０１２０、Ｖｕｌｃａｉｎ和ＬＥ－７发动机的开发研究，探讨在研制未来大推力液体火箭发动机（ＬＲＭ）中各国的指导思想和设计原则，分析世界在这一领域的发展动向。     

浅析大惯量负载对机电舵系统的影响

随着导弹飞行速度的提高,弹体姿态稳定所需的操纵力矩加大,舵面气动加热效应加剧,舵面的尺寸和惯量势必增加。在电机、传动机构与控制算法确定的前提下,舵面惯量对机电舵系统具有何种影响,成为提高机电舵系统控制要求的关键问题。在搭建的电机—传动机构—负载的三质量模型基础上,从理论及仿真上进行了惯量负载对舵系统的影响分析,并在某机电舵系统上进行了试验验证,为研究大惯量负载机电舵系统提供了理论依据。     

江苏区域性大雾出现前期云图云场特征

主要介绍江苏省区域性大雾中几种主要类型雾的前期云场特征,并介绍雾区已形成时的云场特征及多数连续性大雾天气的卫星云图云场特征。     

Active galactic nuclei imaging programs of the RadioAstron mission

Imaging relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) at angular resolution significantly surpassing that of the ground-based VLBI at centimetre wavelengths is one of the key science objectives of the RadioAstron space-VLBI mission. There are three RadioAstron imaging key science programs that target both nearby radio galaxies and blazars, with one of the programs specifically focusing on polarimetry of the jets. The first images from these programs reach angular resolution of a few tens of microarcseconds and reveal unprecedented details about the jet collimation profile, magnetic field configuration, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities along the flow in some of the most studied AGN (3C 84, BL Lac, 3C 273, S5 0836 + 710). Here we give an overview of the goals and strategy of these three ongoing programs, highlight their early results, and discuss the challenges of space-VLBI imaging.     

The extension of the INCL model for simulation of shielding in space

Radiation hazard for space missions is mainly due to cosmic ray protons, helium nuclei and light ions, whose energy spectrum is maximum around 1 GeV per nucleon but remains non-negligible for energies up to 15 GeV per nucleon. Nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons are often described by intranuclear cascade plus evaporation models. The attention is focused here on the Liège Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL), which has been shown to reproduce fairly well a great deal of experimental data for nucleon-induced reactions in the 200 MeV to 2 GeV range, when coupled with the ABLA evaporation-fission code. In order to extend the model to other conditions relevant for space radiation, three improvements of INCL are under development. They are reported on here. First, the reaction model has been extended to nucleon–nucleus reactions at incident energies up to 15 GeV, mainly by the inclusion of additional pion production channels in nucleon–nucleon collisions during the cascade. Second, a coalescence mechanism for the emission of light charged particles has been implemented recently. Finally, the model has been modified in order to accommodate light ions as projectiles. First results are shown and compared with illustrative experimental data. Implications for issues concerning radiation protection in space are discussed.     

X-ray study of accretion flow in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

We present the results of a systematic study of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) observed with XMM-Newton. The 2–12 keV X-ray spectra of NLS1s are well represented by a single power law with a photon index Γ ∼ 2. When this hard power law continuum is extrapolated into the low energy band, we found that all objects in our sample show prominent soft excess emission. This excess emission is well parameterized by the thermal emission expected from an optically thick accretion disk, and we found the following three peculiar features: (1) The derived disk temperatures are significantly higher than the expectation from a standard Shakura-Sunyaev accretion disk, if we assume a central mass of a black hole to be 10^6–8M_⊙. (2) The temperatures are distributed within narrow range (ΔkT ∼ 0.08 keV) with an average temperature of 0.18 keV in spite of the range of four orders of magnitude in luminosity (10^41–45 erg s⁻¹). (3) We found a peculiar temperature–luminosity relation, where the luminosity seems to be almost saturated in spite of the significant change in temperature, during the observations of the most luminous NLS1 PKS 0558-504. These results strongly suggest that the standard accretion disk picture is no longer appropriate in the nuclei of NLS1s. We discuss a possible origin for the soft excess component, and suggest that a slim disk may be able to explain the observational results, if the photon trapping effect is properly taken into account.