潮土重金属复合污染对紫花苜蓿的影响

本文依据我国土壤环境质量标准确定潮土中重金属（铜、锌、镉）复合污染物的不同浓度，通过正交设计的盆栽试验观测紫花苜蓿的生物量、植株体中重金属含量、土壤中重金属有效态含量等指标分析重金属复合污染对紫花苜蓿生长的影响。结果表明，当土壤中供试的各重金属浓度为我国土壤环境质量二级标准水平时，紫花苜蓿的生长不受重金属的胁迫作用；当土壤中重金属铜、锌浓度均达到三级标准水平时，紫花苜蓿的生长才受到明显的抑制作用。说明我国土壤环境质量标准对潮土上紫花苜蓿的生长基本适用。在复合污染条件下，铜、锌之间存在明显的抑制作用，同时土壤中重金属有效离子冲量能较好地表征紫花苜蓿－潮土中重金属复合污染的影响。     

Operant responding following exposure to HZE particles and its relationship to particle energy and linear energy transfer

On exploratory class missions astronauts will be exposed to a variety of heavy particles (HZE particles) which differ in terms of particle energy and particle linear energy transfer. The present experiments were designed to evaluate how these physical characteristics of different particles affect cognitive performance, specifically operant responding. Following exposure to ²⁸Si, ⁴⁸Ti, ¹²C and ¹⁶O particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory rats were tested for their ability to respond appropriately to changes in reinforcement schedules using an operant task. The results showed that the effectiveness of different particles in disrupting cognitive performance, defined as the lowest dose that produced a performance decrement, varied as a function of the energy of the specific particle: for comparisons between different energies of the same particle (e.g., ⁵⁶Fe) the effectiveness of the particle was directly proportional to particle linear energy transfer, whereas for comparisons between different particles (e.g., ⁵⁶Fe and ¹⁶O) effectiveness was inversely proportional to particle linear energy transfer. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms that influence the effectiveness of different particles and energies and in terms of their implications for analyzing the possible risks to astronauts of decrements in cognitive performance following exposure to HZE particles on long-duration exploratory class missions.     

航天器多功能结构传热特性的实验研究

针对航天器结构高性能、轻质化和集成化的发展要求,设计了集电路控制,热管理功能和结构承载功能于一体的多功能结构。此种结构分别采用柔性电路板控制热仿真多芯片模块,作为多功能结构的热源;碳碳材料作为热倍增器;复合材料蒙皮和金属泡沫芯子的夹层结构作为承载结构,实现了结构和功能的集成。同时,为了研究多功能结构的传热特性,进行了热真空实验,实验测量了热流密度和温度梯度。结果表明这种新型的结构可以消散飞行器多芯片模块产生的热量,碳碳热倍增提供了一种减小温度梯度的新方法,同时这种多功能结构减少了结构的体积,降低了结构的质量。     

Progress in Research on Materials Under Microgravity in China

Research on materials under microgravity in China began in the 1980s, sparked by Prof. Lanying Lin (academician of CAS), Prof. Xiji Wang (academician of CAS), Prof. Guirong Min (academician of CAS), and Prof. Huabao Lin (academician of CAS), and others. The first semiconductor crystal, first optical crystal, and first alloys were grown in space on board a recoverable satellite in 1987. Since then, microgravity materials science became a new scientific branch in China.Scientific and technical activities on space crystal growth and solidification are carried out through two major programs: ground-based studies and orbital experiments. The main results obtained during 2001-2003 are reported below.     

TiC和ZrC颗粒增强钨基复合材料

用粉末冶金热压法制备了ＴｉＣｐ／Ｗ和ＺｒＣｐ／Ｗ两种钨基复合材料，对其高温强度进行了研究，结果表明，随着温度提高，两种复合材料的抗弯强度开始时逐渐提高，当ＴｉＣｐ／Ｗ复合材料达到１０００℃时有最大值１１５５ＭＰａ，ＺｒＣｐ／Ｗ复合材料在８００℃时最大值８２９ＭＰａ，分别比各自的室温强度提高５７％和１７％。而后，随温度的进一步提高，复合材料的强度又下降，分析了复合材料高温增强的机理。     

减速器内部金属屑运动仿真分析

为掌握因轴承磨损产生的金属屑在直升机中间减速器内部流场中的运动状态，针对其固-液-气三相流特征建立了金属 屑颗粒受力平衡方程和多相流模型-离散相模型（VOF-DPM）耦合的CFD仿真模型。基于离散相运动方程编程计算及采用CFD仿 真分析方法获得了减速器内部颗粒的运动轨迹、运动速度，并据此对比验证了VOF-DPM耦合模型的正确性；利用CFD仿真分析 了颗粒在流体中运动时各种附加力对颗粒运动轨迹的影响，探究连续相空气、滑油与离散相颗粒三者之间的相互作用机理。结果 表明：连续相和离散相耦合作用对颗粒运动的影响较小，轨迹误差约5%、速度误差约3%，可忽略不计；虚质量力、压力梯度力和 Magnus升力对颗粒运动轨迹影响较大，Saffman升力对颗粒运动轨迹影响较小，而热泳力与布朗力不适用于直升机中间减速器固- 液-气三相流情形。     

水溶性有机物对重金属污染黄棕壤的影响

本实验旨在研究水溶性有机物对重金属污染的黄棕壤及黑麦草生长的影响。选取水稻秸秆 (S)和牛粪 (C)作为供试有机物料 ,提取水溶性有机物 ,对未受污染的黄棕壤人工添加重金属盐 (CuSO4 ·5H2 O、ZnSO4 ·7H2 O、CdCl2 ·2 .5H2 O)及水溶性有机物 ,在此土壤上进行黑麦草盆栽实验 ,并分析黑麦草的出苗率及生物量。实验结果表明 ,牛粪对受重金属污染的土壤有良好的改良效果 ,其中水溶性有机物的改善效果优于有机干物料的效果。但水溶性有机物对黑麦草的出苗率影响不大     

Principles and methods for determining calendar life and corrosion tolerance of mechanical parts

In order to facilitate the determination of the calendar life of mechanical parts, the author summarized his relevant research papers that had studied for many years as eight distinct topics: (A). The principle and method for compiling the equal-damage temperature and humidity spectrum; (B). The principle for preparing the high concentration medium solution; (C). The principle and method for determining the metal calendar life; (D). The principle and method for determining the protective coating calendar life; (E). The principle and method for determining the total calendar life; (F). The principle of the reliability processing; (G). The principle and method for determining the corrosion damage tolerance; (H). The principle and matching design method to ensure that the total fatigue life and the total calendar life of the mechanical part were safe simultaneously. The above contents established a complete set of theoretical systems and methods for determining the calendar life.     

镁基水冲压发动机三维两相反应流场研究

建立了镁基金属燃料/水冲压发动机三维两相反应流动模型,提出了采用燃烧效率修正一次燃烧温度的方法,对某试验发动机理想和实际工作状态进行了数值模拟,得到了发动机内流场分布趋势,并对计算与试验结果进行了对比,分析了产生误差的原因。结果表明修正燃烧温度后模型更能反映发动机实际工作状态及内流场分布,雾化效果和发动机热损失是影响发动机性能的重要因素,实际工作过程中由于存在凝相金属镁使计算燃烧效率大于试验燃烧效率。