Heat transfer behaviors of some supercritical fluids:A review

Supercritical fluids(e.g., hydrocarbon fuels, water, carbon dioxide, and organic working medium, etc) have been recognized as working media to improve thermal efficiencies in power cycles and energy conversion, and have been used or selected as the working fluids in engineering fields such as aerospace, nuclear power, solar energy, refrigeration, geothermal energy, chemical technology, and so on. To better understand the interesting characteristic or abnormal behaviors of supercritical fluids, m...     

超燃发动机混合效率评估方法探讨

总结和分析了3种常用的典型混合效率评估方法,为了提高对混合程度的评估精度和客观性,提出了3种新的混合程度评估方法和指标:流场混合效率,可燃混合效率和适燃区域比例.流场混合效率能够客观评估流场结构的混合性能和增混措施的效果;可燃混合效率和适燃区域比例,结合了流场中的熄火边界参数,能够将燃料的分布及混合程度直接与点火燃烧联系,能够客观评估不同程度的贫油和富油流场的混合程度,能够合理地预测燃烧可能发生的区域.最后通过二维算例比较了新旧方法的评估结果,验证了新评估方法的合理性.      

空气节流对超燃发动机燃烧性能的影响

为优化隔离段及燃烧室内的流场结构,减小流动速度,提高流道压力,在凹槽稳焰器下游布置空气节流装置,向燃烧室内喷入高压空气,目的是在隔离段建立合适的激波串,以利于点火和火焰稳定.采用CFD方法,对比了无/有空气节流时的冷流流场、燃烧流场,结果表明:节流激波串扩大了低动量区域,激波引起的流动扭曲和较长的驻留时间使得分离流内的空气/燃料混合程度得到显著增强,混合效率由无节流时的40%提高到85%,燃烧效率由无节流时的10%提高到60%.对节流位置和节流量进行了参数化研究,以隔离段入口为坐标原点,分别考察了785,1000,1100mm三个流向节流位置,以及10%,15%,30%三种节流量的影响,结果表明:距离凹槽较近的节流位置对燃烧的影响更为显著,所需节流量更少.30%的节流量将使燃烧室背压急剧提高,引起流动壅塞.研究表明在785mm的流向节流位置采用15%的节流量可获得最好的燃烧性能.      

超声速燃烧中的特征尺度及影响因素

针对超燃冲压发动机典型的飞行条件,分别以氢气、乙烯和煤油(由质量分数为0.8的正十烷和0.2的三甲基苯化学替代)作为燃料,分析了超声速燃烧中的特征尺度及其影响因素,给出了细致的超燃冲压发动机工作范围,并探讨了火焰面模型在超声速燃烧数值模拟中的适用性.结果表明:从氢气、乙烯到煤油,超燃冲压发动机工作范围依次减少,丹姆克尔数(Da)呈现量级的变化,火焰模式以旋涡小火焰为主,其中Taylor尺度起着关键性作用.同时也发现:相对于亚声速燃烧,在超声速燃烧的数值计算中,对能否采用火焰面模型还需要更加仔细的考虑.      

注油方式对超燃冲压发动机燃烧性能的影响

基于脉冲燃烧风洞直连式试验平台,利用壁面压力测量和高速摄影等手段,研究了注油方式对超燃冲压发动机燃烧性能的影响.考察了不同油位单点注油时的注油特性,利用高速摄影揭示了各个油位的火焰发展历程.在产生有效推力及防止进气道不起动的限制下,确定了各个油位的贫油最低当量比、富油最高当量比.研究了第1油位、第2油位和其他油位组合注油时的耦合作用.以隔离段未扰动区域长度、燃烧室内推力、燃料比冲为指标,探寻了燃烧性能最佳的注油方式.试验获得的隔离段未扰动区域长度最大为149.6mm,燃烧室内推力最大为1622.3N,燃料比冲最大为1354.0s.      

一种热平衡等温机制的新型热防护及相关技术

给出了一种适用于高超声速飞行器热防护的新概念——疏导式热防护,其基本理论是利用热平衡等温机制,使防热层趋于一等温体,实现热负载平衡。针对这一概念,进行了较为系统的研究,包括原理、分析方法、实现疏导式热防护的关键技术。研究结果表明,疏导式热防护技术可有效地减少高热流区的温度和热应力,是一种有效的非烧蚀热防护技术。     

温敏漆技术及其在边界层转捩测量中的应用

A temperature sensitive paint (TSP) technique is developed for the request of boundary layer transition measurement, and a test of hypersonic boundary layer measurement of a flat plate is done in CARDC 0.6m shock tunnel. By use of the TSP technique, the measurement of the hypersonic boundary layer transition of slab has been done in the shock tunnel. The test nominal Mach numbers are 8 and 10, the unit Reynolds numbers are 2.45×10 7/m and 4.48× 10 6/m respectively, and the yaw angle is 20°. The data of heat transfer and transition position obtained by the TSP and measurement results of the thin film heat transfer sensor match well. The results illustrate that the TSP technique has the ability to measure the hypersonic boundary layer transition of simple model qualitatively and quantitatively in shock tunnel.     

载人飞船密封舱漏热问题研究

密封舱漏热是载人飞船热控系统设计中必须考虑的一个关键因素,是影响飞船热平衡和舱内温度的一项重要参数。建立了求解密封舱漏热的热物理模型,分析了各种参数对密封舱漏热的影响。结果表明：（1） 在一定温度范围内,密封舱漏热与舱内空气温度近似呈线性关系;（2） 返回舱漏热高于轨道舱,主要原因是导热热阻的基数偏小;（3） 漏热随外热流增大而减小,返回舱漏热波动较大,调节其热控涂层的α_S和ε_h值将导致返回舱漏热和漏热波动出现相反变化,为同时减小漏热和漏热波动,推荐采用较低α_S和ε_h 值的热控涂层;（4） 返回舱漏热受舱内壁对流换热系数影响较大,特别在2W/(m^2·K)附近。
     

一种新的烧蚀热响应算法在质量估算中的应用

针对预测飞行器再入过程中气动热流引发的烧蚀热响应导致热防护罩表层材料质量损耗的问题,研究了热防护罩的几何模型和烧蚀质量估算的方法,通过建立三自由度再入轨迹动力学方程,应用修正的牛顿流体理论计算气动系数,以及Detra-Kemp-Riddell和Tauber-Sutton理论计算驻点热流密度和热辐射,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了碳化材料的烧蚀过程,提出了基于Newton-Raphson和TDMA的烧蚀热响应算法估计飞行器热防护罩质量损耗的方法。通过分析,实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度连续动态变化的预测,能够有效替代热平衡积分法,估算的烧蚀质量为优化热防护罩的几何模型和再入轨迹提供了参考依据。     

The influence of inlet swirl intensity and hot-streak on aerodynamics and thermal characteristics of a high pressure turbine vane

In modern gas turbines, the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) is exposed to an extreme thermal environment due to the burned gases leaving the combustor. The burned gases are characterized by flow and temperature distortions that effect the aerodynamics and heat transfer of the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the effect of the intensity of the swirling flow combined with the temperature non-uniformity “Hot-Streak” (H-S) on the aerothermal performances of a HPT Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The investigations are conducted on the solid untwisted NGV annular cascade developed in NASA Lewis Research Center. Four swirl intensities (|S_n| = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5), two swirl orientations (positive and negative) and two hot-streaks (rounded and radial) at the NGV inlet are considered. The simulations are done by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using ANSYS-CFX software. The results show that the H-S with swirl undergoes twisting following the orientation of the swirl. The H-S twist is aggressive under positive swirl compared to the negative swirl case. The inlet swirl generates a new secondary flow structure, so called Swirl Vortex (SV), which induces more aerodynamic losses. The aerodynamic efficiency under negative swirl found to be higher than that under positive swirl. The maximum temperature on the vane surface is controlled by the radial transport of the SV towards the endwalls.