最优气动力辅助空间拦截和交会

航天器从高轨道向位于低地球圆轨道的靶目标实施拦截或进行交会 ,并用间接求解的直接伴随方法 ,即用D型拉格朗日方法求解其优化问题。拦截条件是指在最终时刻两者的位置相同 ,而交会条件是指不仅位置相同且最终的速度矢量亦相等。文章讨论了最小时间与最小脱靶量 ,或最小时间与最小燃料消耗的复合性能指标 ,以及推力协同机动的优化解。推力协同下 ,对于特定情况 ,如在热流约束边界部分推力弧是奇异的 ,气动力控制是正常的。这种复杂性和奇异问题的求解在拦截和交会问题中都是值得慎重处理的。     

Geostationary orbit determination using SATRE

A new strategy of precise orbit determination (POD) for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite using SATRE (SAtellite Time and Ranging Equipment) is presented. Two observation modes are proposed and different channels of the same instruments are used to construct different observation modes, one mode receiving time signals from their own station and the other mode receiving time signals from each other for two stations called pairs of combined observations. Using data from such a tracking network in China, the results for both modes are compared. The precise orbit determination for the Sino-1 satellite using the data from 6 June 2005 to 13 June 2005 has been carried out in this work. The RMS (Root-Mean-Square) of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the former mode is better than 9.1 cm. The RMS of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the latter mode is better than 4.8 cm, much better than the former mode. Orbital overlapping (3-day orbit solution with 1-day orbit overlap) tests show that the RMS of the orbit difference for the former mode is 0.16 m in the radial direction, 0.53 m in the along-track direction, 0.97 m in the cross-track direction and 1.12 m in the 3-dimension position and the RMS of the orbit difference for the latter mode is 0.36 m in the radial direction, 0.89 m in the along-track direction, 1.18 m in the cross-track direction and 1.52 m in the 3-dimension position, almost the same as the former mode. All the experiments indicate that a meter-level accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellite is achievable.     

单相流体回路辐射器性能优化方法

文章以“神舟”飞船辐射器为例,对管肋式单相流体回路辐射器的肋宽进行了优化分析。采用理论分析与数值求解相结合的方法,分析了管肋式辐射器常用性能评价方法--能质比及微元能质比（单位质量散热能力）随肋片宽度的变化规律;而后以提高辐射器能质比为优化目的,对辐射器肋宽进行了优化,得出了辐射器的最佳能质比对应的肋宽表达式;最后给出了“神舟”飞船辐射器优化前后的参数对比。文章对管肋式辐射器的优化设计具有很好的参考价值。     

Development of thermal sensors and drilling systems for lunar and planetary regoliths

We consider some novel concepts for thermal properties experiments aboard lunar landers or rovers, that may lead to an improved understanding of both the structure of the lunar near surface layers and the lunar thermal history. The new instruments could be developed using the experience and heritage from recently developed systems, like the Rosetta Lander thermal conductivity experiment MUPUS and existing designs used for terrestrial measurements of thermal conductivity. We describe shortly the working principle of such sensors and the main challenges faced when using them in the airless regolith layers of the Moon or other airless bodies. In addition new concepts to create appropriate drill holes for thermal and other measurements in the lunar regolith are discussed.     

平板型MLHP温度波动研究

环路热管(Loop Heat Pipe,LHP)是一种靠蒸发器的毛细芯产生毛细力驱动回路运行,利用工质相变来传递热量的高效传热装置。研制了一套平板式蒸发器、风冷式冷凝器的小型环路热管(MLHP),MLHP的毛细芯为500目不锈钢丝网,工质为丙酮,蒸发器、冷凝器以及所有管路均由紫铜制成。主要研究了平板型MLHP在不同热负荷条件下的温度波动特性,并重点研究了倾角以及充灌量等对MLHP系统温度波动的影响,且给出相应的合理解释。实验结果表明,平板式MLHP在2~3W/cm2热流密度区间范围内容易发生温度波动。     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

高主流湍流度下密度比对涡轮导叶全气膜冷却特性的影响

为了研究高主流湍流度下二次流密度比对涡轮导叶全气膜冷却特性的影响,使用热色液晶测量了在主流湍流度为15%,二次流密度比为1.0和1.5下三维涡轮导叶的气膜冷却效率和换热系数。二次流与主流质量流量比为7.0%和12.5%。结果表明:二次流密度比增大可以降低冷气射流的动量,小流量比工况下,在叶片前缘和压力面前半段,动量较低的二次流在高主流湍流度的影响下更易耗散,增大二次流密度比使冷却效率明显降低;大流量比工况下,二次流动量降低使气膜孔后区域冷气贴附性增强,气膜冷却效率和冷气覆盖效果均得到提升。小流量比工况下,二次流密度比增大对叶片表面换热的影响较小;大流量比工况下,二次流密度比增大使吸力面中弦区域和压力面后半段的平均换热系数比分别降低15%和25%。     

R141b在圆形微通道内的沸腾换热实验研究

为提高换热强度、解决设备内部高热流密度散热问题,采用实验方法研究R141b在不同直径(D=0.5mm和1.0mm)水平圆形微通道内的沸腾换热特性,分析了热流密度(q=2.0kW/m~2～47.6kW/m~2)、质量干度(x=0～0.6)、质量流速(G=111.11kg/(m~2·s)～333.33kg/(m~2·s))的变化对平均传热系数h的影响,探究不同情况下影响沸腾换热的主导因素。实验研究表明:平均传热系数h随热流密度q的增加而减小,在不同范围内减小速率有明显差异;热流密度q=2kW/m~2～5kW/m~2时质量流速G对平均传热系数h影响较明显,热流密度较高时质量流速G对换热影响很小;在质量流速G=111.11kg/(m~2·s)～333.33kg/(m~2·s),质量干度x0.3时,平均传热系数h随质量干度x增加而明显下降,在设计微通道换热器时应尽量使R141b处于初始沸腾阶段以获得更好换热效果,并采取一定措施预防干度过高引起的换热恶化。     

耐高温异氰酸酯/ 环氧树脂固化历程与性能

以异氰酸酯为固化剂固化环氧树脂,通过比较不同固化条件下固化物结构的差异,研究了异氰酸酯与环氧树脂的反应历程;改变异氰酸酯/环氧树脂体系的化学计量比(I/E),采用FTIR/ATR、DSC、DMTA等研究了固化产物的结构与性能。结果表明,异氰酸酯与环氧树脂的固化历程随着温度的升高可分为三个阶段,第一阶段为异氰酸酯的三聚反应;第二阶段是一个复杂的过程,首先环氧树脂和异氰酸酯可反应生成嗯唑烷酮结构,通过嗯唑烷酮环扩链得到端畀氰酸酯基低聚物,可继续发生三聚反应;第三阶段为异氰脲酸酯与残余的环氧基团反应生成嗯唑烷酮结构,异氰脲酸酯六元环向噁唑烷酮五元环的转化是一个可逆的过程。不同的I/E比例可得到结构不同的固化物,不同的结构导致固化物性能的差异:当(I/E)=1.8时,综合力学性能良好,异氰酸酯/环氧树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、层剪强度分别为652.53、33270.63和31.66MPa,优于甲基四氢苯酐/环氧树脂/玻璃纤维复合材料力学性能;当I/E=2.0时,固化物T_g达到了305℃,明显优于传统的环氧树脂固化体系。     

Thermal-structural analysis of regenerativelycooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX/Methane rocket engines

To predict the thermal and structural responses of the thrust chamber wall under cyclic work,a 3-D fluid-structural coupling computational methodology is developed.The thermal and mechanical loads are determined by a validated 3-D finite volume fluid-thermal coupling computational method.With the specified loads,the nonlinear thermal-structural finite element analysis is applied to obtaining the 3-D thermal and structural responses.The Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model calibrated by experimental data is adopted to predict the cyclic plastic behavior of the inner wall.The methodology is further applied to the thrust chamber of LOX/Methane rocket engines.The results show that both the maximum temperature at hot run phase and the maximum circumferential residual strain of the inner wall appear at the convergent part of the chamber.Struc tural analysis for multiple work cycles reveals that the failure of the inner wall may be controlled by the low-cycle fatigue when the Chaboche model parameter γ3 =0,and the damage caused by the thermal-mechanical ratcheting of the inner wall cannot be ignored when γ3 ＞ 0.The results of sen sitivity analysis indicate that mechanical loads have a strong influence on the strains in the inner wall.