小天体主动附着制导与控制技术研究进展

结合目前已实施的小天体附着探测任务,对小天体探测器主动附着涉及的制导与控制技术进行了系统性的回顾。首先,针对小天体附着任务风险高、不确定性强的特点,明确了主动附着的内涵,并分析了现有附着探测技术在自主性和安全性上面临的挑战,阐述了提高探测器主动附着能力的重要性。在此基础上,归纳梳理了与主动附着相关的制导与控制技术最新研究进展。最后,结合未来小天体探测任务需求,总结了今后具有进一步研究价值的几个问题。     

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance strategy and guidance law for intercepting highly maneuvering target

Cooperative interception of the target with strong maneuverability by multiple missiles with weak maneuverability in the three-dimensional nonlinear model is studied. Firstly, the three-dimensional nonlinear model of cooperative guidance is established. The three-dimensional reachable region is represented composed of lateral acceleration and longitudinal acceleration in the two-dimensional coordinate system. Secondly, the problem of the multiple missile's reachable coverage area is transformed into the problem of cooperative coverage. A cooperative coverage strategy is proposed and an algorithm for quickly calculating the number of required missiles is designed. Then, the guidance law based on the cooperative coverage strategy is proposed, and it is proved that cooperative interception of the target can be achieved under the acceleration limit. Moreover, the relations among the number of missiles, the initial array position of terminal guidance and the coverage area of the target’s large maneuver are analyzed. The dynamic adjustment strategy of guidance parameters is proposed to reduce the guidance error. Finally, simulation results show that multiple missiles with low maneuverability can achieve effective interception of target with strong maneuverability through the proposed cooperative strategy and cooperative guidance method.     

Impact point prediction guidance based on iterative process for dual-spin projectile with fixed canards

The fixed canards configuration of a dual-spin projectile makes it difficult to apply the traditional guidance law. In this study, a modified impact point prediction guidance strategy based on an iterative process was developed for a class of dual-spin projectiles with fixed canards, to reduce the impact point dispersion. The guidance strategy is dependent on the modified projectile linear theory to rapidly predict the flight states and the impact point. For projectiles with control applied to the trajectory, the modified projectile linear theory method is known to achieve poor impact point prediction. To improve the prediction accuracy, improvements were made to the modified projectile linear theory by considering the products of the yaw rate and other small quantities. The guidance strategy is based on the iterative process for the continuous adjustment of the expected output of the roll angle of the course correction fuze, to minimize the direction error between the predicted impact point and target location. Studies were conducted on a model dual-spin projectile configuration to demonstrate the guidance details. The numerical simulations indicate that the proposed guidance strategy can effectively reduce the projectile impact point dispersion.     

Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

基于电子对抗环境的导引头制导干扰集成技术研究

在电子对抗环境中,综合利用多种频谱资源能够拓展飞行器的功能。从分析电子对抗环境入手,介绍了典型干扰的基本组成、特性和研究现状,并初步阐述了电子对抗环境对飞行器造成的威胁。通过分析雷达制导技术和典型干扰技术,结合雷达与电子战的一体化设计思路,提出了飞行器雷达制导与干扰一体化设计方法。该方法利用飞行器雷达导引头在进行探测、制导的同时,实现对高威胁辐射源的干扰。经分析,该方法在拓展飞行器雷达导引头的功能方面具有重要的作用,能够为优化飞行器总体设计提供支撑。     

具有落点和落角约束的圆轨迹制导律

针对再入飞行器带终端约束的末制导问题,在二维平面内设计了一种新型圆轨迹制导律。首先,利用再入飞行器与目标相对几何关系对圆轨迹制导方法进行运动学分析。再通过对制导任务的分析,定义了两个圆轨迹跟踪误差变量,并基于此提出误差反馈导引方法。然后,得出闭环圆轨迹制导律,并对制导指令分量的具体含义进行了分析。最后,对该制导算法的有效性进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明：此算法可用于末端大角度转向飞行,有效提高再入飞行器的作战效能;并且制导精度高,其中命中点误差和碰撞角约束误差都很小。     

双层星座中负载均衡路由协议研究

提出了一种适用于双层结构卫星网络的负载均衡路由协议LBRD。不同于传统多层卫星路由,协议采用独立的地理位置路由作为同层卫星的基本选路策略,并以层间互补的方式提高路由成功率;在此基础上,为了均衡网络负载,采用邻间链路负载通告的方式,调节单颗卫星的负载;对于多颗过载卫星形成的区域,引入区域均衡机制,通过节点间距离变换,使原本经过该区域的数据流绕行,加速负载恢复。仿真结果表明,协议能够有效地均衡网络负载,减少因拥塞所导致的排队延迟与数据丢失,保证了网络吞吐量。     

一种适用于月球跳跃返回的改进解析预测校正制导律

解析落点预测-校正制导律具有计算量小的特点,适用于月球返回舱机载计算机的在线计算,针对其对远航程适应性差的问题,提出了一种改进的解析预测制导律。通过调整上升段的控制增益,减小返回舱飞离大气层时刻实际状态与标准状态的偏差,对飞出大气层的速度进行修正以补偿弹道段空气阻力引起的航程减小。二次再入段采用数值预测-校正制导,利用逐步校正的方法,解决了收敛问题,避免了复杂的基准弹道设计过程。数值仿真表明,所设计的制导律能够适用于远航程情况,在具有初始位置偏差、质量偏差、气动偏差、大气偏差的情况下,终端位置精度在5km以内,表明该制导律具有良好的鲁棒性,该制导律具有在线实施的潜力。
     

一种多约束条件下的三维变结构制导律

针对现代空地导弹多约束、高精度制导的基本需求，从末段精确制导问题的三维数学模型出发，利用虚位移概念构建弹目相对运动关系，结合滑模变结构理论的基本特点，推导出一种满足制导精度、落角和入射角多约束条件的三维变结构制导律。并利用滑模理论构建非线性观测器，对未知量进行估计和预测。最后通过典型弹道的仿真，验证了本文提出的制导律的良好性能和较强的通用性。结果显示该制导律具有较强的鲁棒性和自适应能力，能较灵活地解决各约束量间的平衡关系。     

具有终端角度约束的导引律综述

随着武器作战样式的变革,近年来具有终端角度约束的制导方法受到越来越 广泛的关注。根据理论基础的不同,将具有终端角度约束的导引律划分为最优导引律、变结 构导引律以及其它类型的导引律。综述了几类典型的具有终端角度约束的导引律的研究进展 ,对各类导引律的优缺点进行了系统的总结与分析,并通过仿真比较了四种典型导引律的制 导性能。