Selection and hydroponic growth of bread wheat cultivars for bioregenerative life support systems

As part of the ESA-funded MELiSSA program, the suitability, the growth and the development of four bread wheat cultivars were investigated in hydroponic culture with the aim to incorporate such a cultivation system in an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). Wheat plants can fulfill three major functions in space: (a) fixation of CO₂ and production of O₂, (b) production of grains for human nutrition and (c) production of cleaned water after condensation of the water vapor released from the plants by transpiration. Four spring wheat cultivars (Aletsch, Fiorina, Greina and CH Rubli) were grown hydroponically and compared with respect to growth and grain maturation properties. The height of the plants, the culture duration from germination to harvest, the quantity of water used, the number of fertile and non-fertile tillers as well as the quantity and quality of the grains harvested were considered. Mature grains could be harvested after around 160 days depending on the varieties. It became evident that the nutrient supply is crucial in this context and strongly affects leaf senescence and grain maturation. After a first experiment, the culture conditions were improved for the second experiment (stepwise decrease of EC after flowering, pH adjusted twice a week, less plants per m²) leading to a more favorable harvest (higher grain yield and harvest index). Considerably less green tillers without mature grains were present at harvest time in experiment 2 than in experiment 1. The harvest index for dry matter (including roots) ranged from 0.13 to 0.35 in experiment 1 and from 0.23 to 0.41 in experiment 2 with modified culture conditions. The thousand-grain weight for the four varieties ranged from 30.4 to 36.7 g in experiment 1 and from 33.2 to 39.1 g in experiment 2, while market samples were in the range of 39.4–46.9 g. Calcium levels in grains of the hydroponically grown wheat were similar to those from field-grown wheat, while potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and nickel levels tended to be higher in the grains of experimental plants. It remains a challenge for future experiments to further adapt the nutrient supply in order to improve senescence of vegetative plant parts, harvest index and the composition of bread wheat grains.     

固体发动机装药CAD

基于计算机图形处理直接获得燃面几何数据,发展了一种装药设计新方法,可以进行装药燃面、质量及惯性随肉厚变化的计算,为一维内弹道计算及流场计算提供更为详尽的数据,还能进行动态燃面推移,使设计者直观地判断其设计的合理性。     

某机身壁板结构环向裂纹扩展分析与试验对比

对于机身加筋壁板结构,获取较为准确的应力强度因子是进行裂纹扩展分析的基础,其核心工作是计算结构的几何因子。本文结合T.Swift提出的机身加筋壁板结构几何因子计算方法,编制了相关分析工具,计算获得某机身壁板结构环向裂纹几何因子,将计算结果与采用有限元法计算获得的几何因子进行对比。最后,将几何因子输入Nasgro软件进行裂纹扩展寿命分析,与试验结果进行对比,吻合较好。该方法计算效率高,可节省大量计算时间,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

卫星搭载生长砷化镓单晶实验

介绍了我国首次利用返回式卫星搭载,在微重力环境中生长砷化镓单晶实验的基本原理,单晶炉结构和主要结果。     

构件裂纹的探测和主动控制的一种新方法

提出将具有特殊力学性能和物理性能的形状记忆合金——NiTi丝埋入构件内部,利用构件内NiTi丝的电阻率大、对应变敏感和加热后可以产生巨大回复力等特点,可以实现对构件中的裂纹进行探测和主动控制裂纹的扩展。通过光弹试验和数值分析证明效果显著。     

区域经济外源性增长中的政企博弈

外源性经济增长是以吸引外商直接投资方式,促进区城经济增长的一种方式。在这种增长方式中,政府和投资者,有着不同目标利益取向,从而导致外商直接投资区域分布的不均衡性。本文运用博奕理论探讨多目标博奕对外商直接投资区域分布的影响。研究表明,外商直接投资的区位选择及投资额与政府投资建设的软硬环境密切相关,而且投资环境越优对外商直接投资的吸引力越大;而对政府而言,应从招商引资向招商选资转变,以便实现综合效益最优化和规避政府的投资风险。     

纤维金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展速率与寿命预测的唯象模型

以纤维金属层板疲劳裂纹稳定扩展的特性为基础,提出了纤维金属层板等效裂纹长度（l0）的概念,导出了纤维金属层板疲劳过程中的有效应力强度因子方程,建立了纤维金属层板等幅疲劳下疲劳裂纹扩展速率与寿命预测的唯象模型。它不仅适用于中心裂纹,同时也适用于边缘裂纹。用唯象模型对2/1GLARE和3/2GLARE层板的CCT试样和SENT试样进行了寿命预测,并与试验结果进行了对比。当裂纹从锯切裂纹尖端扩展到试样宽度的80%时,对于GLARE层板的CCT试样,2/1GLARE层板的预测寿命与实测寿命之比为1.05,3/2GLARE层板的预测寿命与实测寿命之比为1.07.对于GLARE层板的SENT试样,预测寿命与实测寿命之比为1.12.唯象模型不仅预测结果可靠,精度高,而且都是解析运算,非常方便。唯象模型的提出使得纤维金属层板的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和寿命的预测变得跟金属材料一样方便,因此具有重要的工程应用价值。     

DELAMINATION FORMATION AND DELAMINATION PROPAGATION OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER COMPRESSIVE FATIGUE LOADING

Fatigue tests of the smooth composite laminates and the notched composite laminates under compressive cyclic loading have been carried out. The damage mechanism is discussed and analyzed. Damage evolution is monitored using stiffness decay. From these tests, it is found that the initial delamination occurs at the free boundary of smooth specimens, or the notch boundary of notched specimens, subjected to the compression-compression cyclic load. A point of view in relation to two-phases of compression fatigue delamination of composites is proposed, namely, compression-compression delamination consists of the delamination formation phase and the delamination propagation, and there is a “damage transition point” to separate this two-phases. Furthermore, an empirical modulus degradation formula and its parameters fitting method are presented. According to the test data handling results, it is shown that this formula is univocal and can fit the test data conveniently. In addition, two kinds of new anti-buckling devices are designed for these tests. At last, the E-N curves, the D-N curves and the S-N curve of the smooth carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates of T300/648C are determined to predict the fatigue life of the notched composite laminate. And the E-N curve of the notched specimens at the given load ratio R=10 and minimum load P_min=-0.45　kN is also measured to verify the estimated result of fatigue life.