Vegetable production facility as a part of a closed life support system in a Russian Martian space flight scenario

A Manned Mars Mission scenario had been developed in frame of the Project 1172 supported International Science & Technology Center in Moscow. The Mars transit vehicle (MTV) supposed to have a crew of 4–6 with Pilot Laboratory compartment volume of 185 m³ and with inner diameter of 4.1 m. A vegetable production facility with power consumption up to 10 kW is being considered as a component of the life support system to supply crew members by fresh vegetables during the mission. Proposed design of conveyor-type plant growth facility (PGF) comprised of 4-modules. Each module has a cylindrical planting surface and spiral cylindrical LED assembly to provide a high specific productivity relative to utilized onboard resources. Each module has a growth chamber that will be from 0.7 m to 1.5 m in length, and a crop illuminated area from 1.7 m² to 4.0 m². Leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, chard, etc.) have been selected for module 1, primarily because of the highest specific productivity per consumed resources. Dietitians have recommended also carrot crop for module 2, pepper for module 3 and tomato for module 4. The maximal total PGF light energy estimated as 1.16 kW and total power consumption as about 7 kW. The module 1 characteristics have been calculated using own experimental data, information from the best on ground plant growth experiments with artificial light were used to predict crop productivity and biomass composition in the another modules. 4-module PGF could produce nearly 0.32 kg per crew member per day of fresh edible biomass, which would be about 50% of recommended daily vegetable supplement. An average crop harvest index is estimated as 0.75. The MTV food system could be entirely closed in terms of vitamins C and A with help of the PGF. In addition the system could provide 10–25% of essential minerals and vitamins of group B, and about 20% of food fibers. The present state of plant growth technology allows formulating of requirements specification for the flight-qualified modules.     

Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria

As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO₂ is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO₂ and H₂O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO₂ concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO₂ concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO₂ assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO₂ environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS.     

Relationship of the diffuse aurora and SAR arc dynamics to substorms and storms

Investigation results of a diffuse aurora (DA) and stable auroral red (SAR) arc dynamics based on spectrophotometric observations at the Yakutsk meridian (199°E geomagnetic longitude) are presented. The relationship of an equatorward extension of DA in the 557.7 nm emission to a substorm growth phase during the magnetospheric convection intensification after the turn of IMF B_Z to the south is shown. The formation of SAR arc during the substorm expansion phase is investigated. The association of SAR arc dynamics with the development of asymmetric ring current (substorm injection) during the main phase of a storm is analyzed. It is shown how the pulsating precipitations of energetic ring current particles develop in the outer plasmasphere based on photometric observations.     

Histochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the inner ear of developing cichlid fish,Oreochromis mossambicus

Inner ear otolith growth in terms of mineralisation mainly depends on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAH). CAH is located in specialised, mitochondria-rich macular cells (ionocytes), which are involved in the endolymphatic ion exchange, and the enzyme is responsible for the provision of the pH-value necessary for otolithic calcium carbonate deposition.     

我国外商直接投资现存问题及解决路径

改革开放以来,外商直接投资从无到有、从小到大,为国家经济发展和现代化建设做出了不可或缺的重要贡献。近几年,外商在中国的直接投资已暴露出了一些问题,为了提升我国利用外商直接投资的质量和水平,必须解决这些问题。     

Vector容器内存增长机制研究

当在内存中存储数据时,常常需要在运行时调整内存的大小,vector提供了一个安全、简易并且自动化的内存分配技术。基于时间效率、空间利用率方面的考虑,提出了几种修改内存增长机制的方法,并在此基础上,结合实际应用进行分析,从时间效率和空间利用率两方面对不同内存增长机制进行了比较,得出在实际应用中根据实际情况调整内存增长机制...     

经济增长非线性时序预测方法研究

分析了经济系统非线性时诹预测的国内外研究现状、现代经济增长模型在预测中存在的不足之处，阐述了经济增长系统的非线性、动态反馈性、开放性等特征，并应用非线性时序理论，研究了经济增长的非线性时序预测问题，给出了经济增长非线性时序预测的方法。     

试论可靠性维修性指标的阶段性

介绍了国内外军、民机研制、生产、使用的不同阶段可靠性维修性(R&M)指标的实际增长情况及有关统计数据。又介绍了国外标准、规范、文件中有关寿命期不同阶段给出R&M指标(目标值、门限值)的规定。 在此基础上指出:产品性能在设计定型(或研制阶段)结束时能予充分显示,并可基本固化。但R&M仅能达到某一规定水平,还必须继续进行有计划的R&M增长以实现成熟期的最终目标。这是一种客观规律。对这种规律的认识将在规划、管理、技术等一系列决策中体现产品R&M分段控制、分段增长的思想。并将有力地促进产品寿命期最佳效能-费用目标的实现。     

广义的Harrod—Domar经济增长模型

本文建立了一种考虑了资本生产率增长率的新经济增长模型－广义的Ｈａｒｒｏｄ－Ｄｏｍａｒ经济增长模型，以便对资本生产率增长率与经济增长率的关系及相关问题，进行定量分析与讨论。     

航空发动机使用可靠性研究

以航空发动机使用可靠性为研究对象,结合可靠性数据,利用3种不可靠度函数,对数据进行拟合分析。在对可更换件可靠性分析的基础上,利用模糊理论对影响备件权重的故障率、重要性、可修性和国产化进行综合分析,使各个备件的权重更加合理。采用备件需求优化保障模型,给出了在满足要求的保障率时所需的最小费用和配件数量。利用发动机维修改进后使用过程中的故障数据,对发动机在使用阶段的可靠性增长情况进行分析,从而判定了维修改进的合理性。所得结果可为发动机使用维护提供一定的参考。