末端制导飞行轨迹的仿真与试飞

提出了战斗机完成制导装置末端制导阶段飞行轨迹的仿真和试飞方法.末端制导阶段的飞行轨迹要求进入段尽可能减小高度损失,并在俯冲段满足精确的轨迹跟踪.采用6自由度全量非线性方程,考虑纵向和横航向运动的相互耦合关系,通过对飞机的高速度、大俯冲角、大落差飞行全过程进行仿真研究,分析了3种利用滚转操纵进入俯冲的情况,获得了满足高精度飞行轨迹的操纵方案,即在进入段,先操纵副翼使滚转角接近180°,拉杆使俯冲角满足轨迹要求后,再反向操纵副翼使飞机正飞进入俯冲.通过飞行试验验证了方案的合理性和有效性.研究表明:该方法在保证飞行安全的前提下,提高了飞行轨迹精度和试飞效率.     

多约束条件下高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化

研究了考虑航路点、禁飞区、热流、动压、过载、控制量以及终端状态等多种约束条件下高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化设计问题。分析了采用一般Gauss伪谱方法进行高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化设计存在的主要问题,为此,提出了轨迹分段优化策略,将轨迹优化的一般最优控制问题转换为多段最优控制问题,进而将各段轨迹按Gauss伪谱方法进行离散化,将连续多段最优控制问题转换为非线性规划问题进行求解。以多约束条件下最大射程轨迹优化为例进行仿真分析,结果表明分段优化方法能够较快地设计出满足各种约束条件的优化轨迹。     

高超声速再入滑翔飞行器多约束轨迹快速优化

为适应高超声速再入滑翔飞行器高动态、多约束的特点,提出了一种快速轨迹优化方法.轨迹优化时将倾侧角控制曲线表示为飞行器能量参数的分段线性函数,从而使纵向轨迹优化问题转化为多维非线性规划问题,并采用序列二次规划(SQP,Sequential Quadratic Programming)方法进行优化求解.横侧向轨迹控制采用偏航角跟踪视线角的方法,设计了视线角误差走廊边界随速度变化的取值,研究了倾侧角反转策略,避免了传统优化中求解倾侧角反转时刻所需的迭代运算.仿真结果表明:该轨迹优化方法在一般高性能微机上生成一条约10 000 km左右的飞行轨迹耗时约5 s,具有较快的优化速度,且精度较高,有一定的工程应用价值 .      

基于逆动力学的机动轨迹跟踪器设计算法

针对机动轨迹动力学非线性非仿射特性,建立了基于质心逆动力学的开环指令和基于非线性动态逆原理进行反馈补偿的混合逆控制方法,设计了机动轨迹跟踪控制器;并以常规机动如"S"形转弯、过失速机动如Herbst转弯等多种战术动作为例进行仿真,结果表明机动轨迹跟踪器设计算法能够胜任常规和过失速机动跟踪的需要,实时性强,延迟合理,跟踪精度高.      

运载火箭推力故障下基于智能决策的在线轨迹重规划方法

为了提高运载火箭上升段飞行中推力故障下轨迹重规划的计算效率,提出了一种基于智能决策的在线轨迹重规划方法,将原问题转化为最优救援轨道的在线智能决策和成熟的燃料最优轨迹规划问题进行求解。通过离线求解不同故障状态对应的轨迹重规划问题,建立"故障状态-救援轨道"样本集,基于径向基神经网络建立最优救援轨道的决策模型,并将决策模型装订箭上。在实际飞行中以当前故障状态作为输入,利用决策模型可在线快速决策出最优救援轨道根数,进而求解以救援轨道为目标轨道的燃料最优轨迹规划问题,从而完成推力故障下的在线轨迹重规划。数值仿真表明,与直接求解轨迹重规划问题相比,该方法的计算效率提高了两个数量级以上,同时给出一致的最优救援轨迹。     

Encounter trajectories for deep space mission ASTER to the triple near Earth asteroid 2001-SN263. The laser altimeter (ALR) point of view

In cooperation with Russia, the Brazilian deep space mission ASTER plans to send a small spacecraft to investigate the triple asteroid 2001-SN263. The nearest launch opportunities for this project include June 2022 and June 2025. One main exploration campaign is being planned with focus on the largest asteroid (Alpha). Among the instruments under development, a laser altimeter (named ALR) was preliminarily designed and presented in 2010–2011. Many studies to define mission and instruments requirements were performed aiming at the characterization of important issues for the successful realization of the mission. Among them, the identification of a suitable trajectory that could be followed by the ASTER spacecraft in the encounter phase, when the main campaign will take place. This paper describes the effort undertaken with focus on the laser altimeter operation. Possible encounter trajectories were modelled and simulated to identify suitable approach parameters and conditions allowing the accomplishment of the intended investigation. The simulation also involves the instrument operation, considering approach geometry, attitude, relative motion, time/date, and the dynamics of the main asteroid. From the laser altimeter point of view, keeping in mind the desired coverage results (50% minimum surface coverage of asteroid Alpha, complying with horizontal and vertical resolution requirements), results point out crucial features for the encounter trajectory, like the need for a small inclination (10^-6 degrees; with respect to the asteroid's orbit), the most favourable spacecraft positioning (between the Sun and the asteroid) and pointing condition (back to the Sun), the minimum amount of achievable surface coverage (58%, focused on central areas), and the most proper time to conduct the main campaign (January 2025). Concerning the instrument, results offer refined values for divergence angle (500 to 650 μrad, half-cone), pulse repetition frequencies (from 1/20 to 1 Hz), and consequent data generation rates. A simulation tool that can use any 3D generated trajectories as input data was created for the analyses presented here. Although created for the ALR in this mission, this simple analysis tool can be adapted to other instruments in this or other missions.     

Using land use change trajectories to quantify the effects of urbanization on urban heat island

This paper proposed a quantitative method of land use change trajectory, which means the succession among different land use types across time, to examine the effects of urbanization on an urban heat island (UHI). To accomplish this, multi-temporal images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of Xiamen City in China from 1987 to 2007 were selected. First, the land use change trajectories were extracted based on the classified images from different years. Then the land surface temperatures (LST) were retrieved and the magnitudes of the UHI were evaluated using the UHI intensity (UHII) indicator. Finally, the indices of the contribution to UHI intensity (CUHII) were constructed and calculated to quantify the effects of each land use change trajectory on the UHI during urbanization. The results demonstrated that the land use change trajectories and CUHII are effective and useful in quantifying the effects of urbanization on UHI. In Xiamen City, a total of 2218 land use change trajectories were identified and 530 of them were the existing urban or urbanization trajectories. The UHII presents a trend of continuous increase from 0.83 °C in 1987 to 2.14 °C in 2007. With respect to the effects of urban growth on UHI, the contribution of existing urban area to UHI decreased during urbanization. Prior to 2007, the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 had the most significant effect on UHI with the greatest CUHII, while the value has decreased from 55.00% in 1987 to 13.03% in 2007 because of the addition of new urbanized area. In 2007, the greatest CUHII was replaced by a trajectory from farmland to built-up area (NO. 22224) with the CUHII of 21.98%, followed by the existing urban area of trajectory NO. 44444 with the CUHII of 13.03%. These results provide not only a new methodology to assess the environmental effects of urbanization, but also decision-supports for the planning and management of cities.     

GEO星弹双基SAR多普勒分辨率特性分析

通过对地球同步轨道（GEO）卫星运动特点的分析，阐明其对多普勒分辨率的影响。传统的双基合成孔径雷达（SAR）多普勒分辨率表达式由于不考虑雷达平台加速度矢量带来的影响，并不适用于GEO星弹双基SAR系统。根据收发平台的双曲线轨迹对目标的回波多普勒特性影响，首先利用梯度方法推导了GEO星弹双基SAR系统的多普勒分辨率表达式；随后详细地分析了GEO卫星与导弹的空间几何关系及多普勒参数，特别是加速度矢量对多普勒分辨率的影响。仿真结果验证了所推导多普勒分辨率表达式的有效性，其有助于双基SAR理论系统完整性的提高，为后续系统设计及应用实践提供理论支撑。     

基于Proximal-Newton-Kantorovich凸规划的空天飞行器实时轨迹优化

针对空天飞行器大气层内上升段实时轨迹优化问题，提出一种基于Proximal-Newton-Kantorovich凸规划的轨迹优化方法。首先，应用Newton-Kantorovich迭代方法将轨迹优化问题转化为一系列的子问题，每个子问题都是一个线性最优控制问题；其次，针对Newton-Kantorovich迭代方法忽略运动方程中的高阶信息，导致难以收敛这一问题，提出Proximal-Newton-Kantorovich迭代方法，在子问题的性能指标中加入邻近规则化项，改善了Newton-Kantorovich迭代方法的收敛性；最后，将子问题离散为二阶锥规划问题，并应用内点法进行求解。提出的Proximal-Newton-Kantorovich凸规划方法是一种求解非线性轨迹规划问题的可行途径。理论分析表明，Proximal-Newton-Kantorovich迭代方法的收敛结果一定是轨迹优化问题的局部最优解。数值实验表明，此方法的计算时间在毫秒级。     

气动引力辅助的火星自由返回轨道设计方法

为更准确地描述大气飞行过程，提出一种三段式大气飞行模型，将大气飞行段分为下降段、平飞段和上升段，使用大气飞行角和航迹角描述飞行过程，并建立了相应的计算模型。对“地球-火星-地球”、“地球-火星-金星-地球”和“地球-金星-火星-地球”自由返回轨道序列的优化结果表明，三段式模型可以准确描述气动引力辅助过程，同时气动引力辅助技术可以有效提升自由返回轨道性能，如减少转移时间，降低燃料消耗等。