Design and analysis of an extended mission of CE-2: From lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region

Chang’E-2 (CE-2) has firstly successfully achieved the exploring mission from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region. In this paper, we discuss the design problem of transfer trajectory and at the same time analyze the visible segment of Tracking, Telemetry & Control (TT&C) system for this mission. Firstly, the four-body problem of Sun–Earth–Moon and Spacecraft can be decoupled in two different three-body problems (Sun–Earth + Moon Restricted Three-Body Problems (RTBPs) and Earth–Moon ephemeris model). Then, the transfer trajectory segments in different model are computed, respectively, and patched by Poincaré sections. The full-flight trajectory including transfer trajectory from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region and target Lissajous orbit is obtained by the differential correction method. Finally, the visibility of TT&C system at the key time is analyzed. Actual execution of CE-2 extended mission shows that the trajectory design of CE-2 mission is feasible.     

Instrument study of the Lunar Dust eXplorer (LDX) for a lunar lander mission

One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm². Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm.     

基于虚拟域预测控制的轨迹跟踪方法

针对在线轨迹实时规划算法,提出了一种基于虚拟域预测控制的轨迹跟踪方法。该方法采用多项式近似系统模型,引入虚拟路径及反动力解算方法,将时域转化为虚拟域,较在时域上近似模型的控制方法解耦效果好,实时性强。通过反动力学解算、非线性规划的输入设置可直接得到连续的控制量,相对于传统非线性预测控制的软约束的方法,从根本上保证了控制量的连续性。以拦截弹道导弹为背景,在初始状态量添加小扰动及末端条件改变的条件下,进行仿真验证。结果表明:与非线性反馈跟踪方法相比,曲线平滑,在遭遇点脱靶量、末端路径倾角及偏角误差较小,实时性同样可满足控制需求。     

含位置给定轨迹优化的位置伺服复合控制系统研究

位置动态响应速度快和响应无超调是目前高性能位置伺服系统的两个重要指标。单纯的比例或比例微分位置调节器无法同时满足这两个要求,所以提出了一种新型定位复合控制策略。首先为保证运动过程柔滑无冲击而设定速度余弦函数曲线给定,从而根据平滑变化的速度给定对位置给定信号进行轨迹优化,避免了加速度突变带来的冲击。系统控制结构上提出在前馈控制的基础上引入位置伪微分负反馈控制环节,该环节增加了系统阻尼,减少位置超调量,同时结合前馈控制保证了位置快速跟踪性能。由于采用了伪微分结构代替位置微分运算,避免了微分带来的量化噪声干扰,进一步提升了系统跟踪性能。最后给出了结构参数的取值范围。仿真和试验结果验证了该控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

基于虚拟目标的导弹越肩发射初制导轨迹优化

摘要： 对具有攻角约束的空空导弹越肩发射轨迹优化问题做出研究.针对空空导弹越肩发射初制导段拐弯问题,设计了基于虚拟目标的程序指令. 基于最优控制的思想,利用高斯伪谱法求解最优程序指令,并根据所得指令的特点提出了三段式指令计算方法.在此基础上,比较了不同空域、速度以及虚拟目标位置条件对程序指令的影响.同时基于预测控制的思想,对程序指令进行在线修正,提高了导引指令的鲁棒性.三通道仿真结果表明,指令可以使导弹快速转弯并在转弯完成时指向虚拟目标.     

Effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor

The effects of pressure oscillation on aerodynamic characteristics in an aero-engine combustor are investigated. A combustor test rig is designed to simulate the pressure drop characteristics of a practical annular combustor. The pressure drop characteristics are firstly measured under atmosphere condition with non-reacting flow (or cold flow), and the air mass flow proportion of each component (dome/liner) are obtained; these properties are base lines for comparison with combustion state. The combustion tests are then carried out under conditions of inlet temperature 340–450 K, fuel air ratio 0.010–0.028. The stability map and the oscillation frequencies are obtained in the tests, the results show that pressure oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of fuel air ratio. Phase trajectory reconstruction is applied to classify the pressure oscillation motion; there are three motions captured in the tests including: “disk”, “ring” and “cluster”. The pressure drops across the dome under strong pressure oscillation are distinctly divergent from the cold flow, and the changes of pressure drops are mainly affected by pressure oscillation amplitude, but is less influenced by pressure oscillation motion nor oscillation frequencies. Based on the mass flow conservation, the reduction of effective flow area of combustor under strong pressure oscillation is demonstrated. Liner wall temperatures are analyzed through Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method to estimate the reduction of the air mass flow proportion of the liner cooling under strong pressure oscillation. Finally, the air mass flow proportions of each component under strong pressure oscillation are estimated, the results show that the pressure oscillation motion also has influence on air mass flow proportion.     

飞船跳跃式再入第一次再入能量管理方法

针对探月飞船跳跃式再入第一次再入能量管理问题,设计了一种能量管理方法。首先,采用大倾侧角再入,快速进入能量管理阶段;然后,对能量耗散速度进行控制,并预估跃起点的能量以确定飞船的跃起时机;最后,在能量管理结束后按设计指令过渡到跃起点。为检验能量管理方法的有效性及鲁棒性,基于标准轨迹法设计制导律,并进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该能量管理方法能改善轨迹跟踪性能,提高再入制导方法的精度和鲁棒性,并避免飞船在一次再入和二次再入过程中出现较大过载的现象。     

Multiobjective genetic optimization of Earth–Moon trajectories in the restricted four-body problem

In this paper, optimal trajectories of a spacecraft traveling from Earth to Moon using impulsive maneuvers (ΔV maneuvers) are investigated. The total flight time and the summation of impulsive maneuvers ΔV are the objective functions to be minimized. The main celestial bodies influencing the motion of the spacecraft in this journey are Sun, Earth and Moon. Therefore, a three-dimensional restricted four-body problem (R4BP) model is utilized to represent the motion of the spacecraft in the gravitational field of these celestial bodies. The total ΔV of the maneuvers is minimized by eliminating the ΔV required for capturing the spacecraft by Moon. In this regard, only a mid-course impulsive maneuver is utilized for Moon ballistic capture. To achieve such trajectories, the optimization problem is parameterized with respect to the orbital elements of the ballistic capture orbits around Moon, the arrival date and a mid-course maneuver time. The equations of motion are solved backward in time with three impulsive maneuvers up to a specified low Earth parking orbit. The results show high potential and capability of this type of parameterization in finding several Pareto-optimal trajectories. Using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with crowding distance sorting (NSGA-II) for the resulting multiobjective optimization problem, several trajectories are discovered. The resulting trajectories of the presented scheme permit alternative trade-off studies by designers incorporating higher level information and mission priorities.     

基于对数螺旋线的非开普勒轨道设计

基于形状的方法为非开普勒轨道设计提供了一种全新的研究思路。在假定轨道形状为对数螺旋线的前提下设计了拦截轨道。首先通过无量纲化处理方法推导出了对数螺旋线轨道的地心距、极角随时间的变化率与轨道设计参数q的关系式;其次结合运动方程,得到了飞行器沿对数螺旋线轨道运行时需要施加的推力加速度;接着分别针对初始轨道是圆和椭圆的情况进行机动轨道设计。给出了轨道设计的仿真算例和相关分析,结果表明对数螺旋线适宜于拦截轨道设计;当初始轨道为大偏心率椭圆时,采用此方法设计轨道,在一定相角范围内开始机动,可使飞行器运行时间短,且燃料消耗少。