水下爆轰燃气泡形态与激波传播过程研究*(爆震专刊)

针对脉冲爆轰发动机在水下工作过程中形成的燃气射流问题,搭建了水下爆轰燃气实验系统,研究了第一个爆轰循环在水下的燃气泡发展变化过程。建立了基于气液两相双流体模型的脉冲爆轰发动机水下喷射模型,采用时-空守恒元和求解元方法,模拟了爆轰波退化为激波在水中的传播及衰减过程。研究结果表明：燃气泡前期受外界水环境阻滞作用呈现“豌豆状”形态,充分发展阶段气液交界面逐渐失稳,在达到最大尺寸后开始收缩并在中心轴线位置出现凸出的射流；水下爆轰燃气射流发展过程中同时存在脱离燃气泡的水中前导激波和管口燃气泡内的高压区两部分,水中前导激波在传播过程中压力迅速衰减至常压量级,而管口燃气泡内则一直保持较高压力；中心轴线区域气液交界面处反射激波的回传使管口附近出现回击现象,并导致前导激波波阵面上压力峰值逐渐出现在30°方向上。     

喷射式气氮调温系统

气氮调温系统是空间环境模拟器中为航天器进行热真空、热平衡试验的关键系统之一。它可使热沉温度在－100℃－＋100℃之间连续可调，并能任意定点。采用喷射式气氮调温系统，与液氮储槽式冷却器调温系统、液氮温度热沉加红外加热笼系统相比，可降低能耗，节约经费。大型空间环境模拟器中由于热沉的热惯性较大以及各支路温度存在均匀性等问题，大型空间模拟器设备要应用喷射式气氮调温系统存在一定难度。KM6大型空间模拟器喷射式气氮调温系统在研制中结合KM6实际和试验要求。调试和使用结果证明这一系统满足试验要求，同时也表明该系统在同一领域达到了国际同类设备的水平。     

New model-based method for aero-engine turbine blade tip clearance measurement

Active control of aero-engine turbine tip clearance is one of the best chances for engine performance uplift currently. To do that, the first requirement is real-time measurement of tip clearance in aero-engine working environment. However, turbine complexity makes it unlikely for tip clearance sensors to be loaded. In recognition of that, this paper proposed a model-based method for tip clearance measurement. Firstly, by considering previously wrongly neglected factors such as load deformation, a mathematical model to monitor dynamic tip clearance changes is built to improve calculation accuracy. Then, after clarifying the coupling relationship between engine models and tip clearance models, this paper builds a component-level mathematical model integrating dynamic characteristics of turbine tip clearance, which helps realize accurate measurement of tip clearance in working environment. How tip clearance affects turbine efficiency is studied afterwards and reported to aero-engine model, so as to mitigate performance difference between aero-engine model and real engines caused by turbine tip clearance. Lastly, by hardware-in-the-loop simulation, tip clearance model demonstrates 15.9% better accuracy than previously built models in terms of turbine centrifugal deformation calculation. As tip clearance measurement model takes averagely 0.34 ms in calculation, meeting the operation requirement, it proves to be an effective new way.     

多点喷射贫预混喷嘴流场及排放特性研究

基于燃料喷射孔与旋流器中空叶片相耦合的发展趋势和避免贫预混喷嘴发生回火和自燃,本文提出了一种新型的带收敛出口、壁面开冷却孔且中空叶片叶背开喷射孔的多点喷射贫预混喷嘴,采用试验研究了其流场和污染排放特性,并采用数值计算对流场和燃料/空气混合特性进行了补充研究。结果表明：主回流区脱离喷嘴出口一段距离,有利于产生脱体火焰而防止发生自燃和回火,且本文喷嘴出口温度监测结果也证实了在喷嘴内未发生自燃和回火;不同压力状态下喷嘴出口截面混合不均匀度SMV（Spatial Mixing Variance）均在4.7%左右,满足低污染燃烧室SMV低于5%的要求;并且污染物排放试验结果表明贫预混喷嘴能同时满足NOx和CO排放要求(@ 15% O2)的Φdome范围较宽,为0.65-0.82,能减少其应用在全环燃烧室的分级数,另外当Φdome低于0.70时,贫预混喷嘴的NOx排放低于10ppmv(@ 15% O2)。本文提出的新型贫预混喷嘴能满足燃气轮机低污染排放要求。     

3种转角下旋转U形方通道的局部换热

在旋转数为0~0.26内用实验方法研究了转角对旋转U形方截面通道换热特性的影响.3种通道转角分别为0°,22.5°,45°.通道转角的变化引起了通道内哥氏力二次流的变化,继而导致通道各表面换热的变化.结果表明:随通道转角的增大,前缘与后缘之间努塞尔数的差异减小,而内侧面与外侧面之间的努塞尔数差异增大;在低旋转数下,转角的变化对U形通道换热的影响较小,但高旋转数下,转角的变化对U形通道换热的影响变得明显.      

可变桨距冲压空气涡轮混合型流场数值研究

冲压空气涡轮流场数值研究主要目的是模拟在实际高空加油工作状态下涡轮变桨距气动特性.数值风洞实验采用代数Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型,雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,模拟可变桨距冲压空气涡轮全三维混合型流场,并分析其流场主要气动特性,探讨桨叶载荷分布原因,然后将数值模拟结果与风洞实验数据进行了比较.改进桨叶近轮毂区域气动性能可进一步提高冲压涡轮载荷.      

基于特征造型技术的涡轮叶片参数化设计

针对航空发动机涡轮气冷叶片的结构特点,提出了叶片参数化建模的特征分类形式.然后,利用特征造型技术开发涡轮叶片的参数化设计系统;并以直背涡轮叶片为具体实例阐述了该参数化模块的开发过程,为航空发动机典型结构件的参数化奠定了基础.      

In-orbit operation and performance of the CubeSat Soft X-ray polarimeter PolarLight

PolarLight is a compact soft X-ray polarimeter onboard a CubeSat, which was launched into a low-Earth orbit on October 29, 2018. In March 2019, PolarLight started full operation, and since then, regular observations with the Crab nebula, Sco X-1, and background regions have been conducted. Here we report the operation, calibration, and performance of PolarLight in the orbit. Based on these, we discuss how one can run a low-cost, shared CubeSat for space astronomy, and how CubeSats can play a role in modern space astronomy for technical demonstration, science observations, and student training.     

Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria

As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO₂ is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO₂ and H₂O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO₂ concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO₂ concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO₂ assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO₂ environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS.     

SnO2薄膜在可见光区的气敏透光研究

研制以ＳｎＯ２江膜作敏感材料的气敏比色皿，发现在可见光区透射率随被测气体浓度伯增大而增大，并解释敏感机理。