水下爆轰燃气泡形态与激波传播过程研究*(爆震专刊)

针对脉冲爆轰发动机在水下工作过程中形成的燃气射流问题,搭建了水下爆轰燃气实验系统,研究了第一个爆轰循环在水下的燃气泡发展变化过程。建立了基于气液两相双流体模型的脉冲爆轰发动机水下喷射模型,采用时-空守恒元和求解元方法,模拟了爆轰波退化为激波在水中的传播及衰减过程。研究结果表明：燃气泡前期受外界水环境阻滞作用呈现“豌豆状”形态,充分发展阶段气液交界面逐渐失稳,在达到最大尺寸后开始收缩并在中心轴线位置出现凸出的射流；水下爆轰燃气射流发展过程中同时存在脱离燃气泡的水中前导激波和管口燃气泡内的高压区两部分,水中前导激波在传播过程中压力迅速衰减至常压量级,而管口燃气泡内则一直保持较高压力；中心轴线区域气液交界面处反射激波的回传使管口附近出现回击现象,并导致前导激波波阵面上压力峰值逐渐出现在30°方向上。     

喷射式气氮调温系统

气氮调温系统是空间环境模拟器中为航天器进行热真空、热平衡试验的关键系统之一。它可使热沉温度在－100℃－＋100℃之间连续可调，并能任意定点。采用喷射式气氮调温系统，与液氮储槽式冷却器调温系统、液氮温度热沉加红外加热笼系统相比，可降低能耗，节约经费。大型空间环境模拟器中由于热沉的热惯性较大以及各支路温度存在均匀性等问题，大型空间模拟器设备要应用喷射式气氮调温系统存在一定难度。KM6大型空间模拟器喷射式气氮调温系统在研制中结合KM6实际和试验要求。调试和使用结果证明这一系统满足试验要求，同时也表明该系统在同一领域达到了国际同类设备的水平。     

Optical pre-nova identification for the X-ray Nova GRO J0422+32 (Nova Persei, 1992)

The X-ray Nova GRO J0422+32 in its low brightness has been identified with a B 21 ^m , R20 ^m star on Palomar Sky Survey glass copies. The scans obtained with an automatical microdensitometer along with our special PC program were used. The resulting outburst amplitude 8 ^m is one of similarity features for the class of the low mass X-ray Novae, black hole candidates.     

多轴数控电火花高速小孔加工技术

分析介绍了电火花高速小孔加工原理和特点,重点叙述了围绕提高航空发动机叶片气膜孔加工质量,对若干关键技术进行攻关提升以及多轴数控电火花高速小孔加工技术和设备在航天、航空等关键制造业的应用情况.     

New model-based method for aero-engine turbine blade tip clearance measurement

Active control of aero-engine turbine tip clearance is one of the best chances for engine performance uplift currently. To do that, the first requirement is real-time measurement of tip clearance in aero-engine working environment. However, turbine complexity makes it unlikely for tip clearance sensors to be loaded. In recognition of that, this paper proposed a model-based method for tip clearance measurement. Firstly, by considering previously wrongly neglected factors such as load deformation, a mathematical model to monitor dynamic tip clearance changes is built to improve calculation accuracy. Then, after clarifying the coupling relationship between engine models and tip clearance models, this paper builds a component-level mathematical model integrating dynamic characteristics of turbine tip clearance, which helps realize accurate measurement of tip clearance in working environment. How tip clearance affects turbine efficiency is studied afterwards and reported to aero-engine model, so as to mitigate performance difference between aero-engine model and real engines caused by turbine tip clearance. Lastly, by hardware-in-the-loop simulation, tip clearance model demonstrates 15.9% better accuracy than previously built models in terms of turbine centrifugal deformation calculation. As tip clearance measurement model takes averagely 0.34 ms in calculation, meeting the operation requirement, it proves to be an effective new way.     

多点喷射贫预混喷嘴流场及排放特性研究

基于燃料喷射孔与旋流器中空叶片相耦合的发展趋势和避免贫预混喷嘴发生回火和自燃,本文提出了一种新型的带收敛出口、壁面开冷却孔且中空叶片叶背开喷射孔的多点喷射贫预混喷嘴,采用试验研究了其流场和污染排放特性,并采用数值计算对流场和燃料/空气混合特性进行了补充研究。结果表明：主回流区脱离喷嘴出口一段距离,有利于产生脱体火焰而防止发生自燃和回火,且本文喷嘴出口温度监测结果也证实了在喷嘴内未发生自燃和回火;不同压力状态下喷嘴出口截面混合不均匀度SMV（Spatial Mixing Variance）均在4.7%左右,满足低污染燃烧室SMV低于5%的要求;并且污染物排放试验结果表明贫预混喷嘴能同时满足NOx和CO排放要求(@ 15% O2)的Φdome范围较宽,为0.65-0.82,能减少其应用在全环燃烧室的分级数,另外当Φdome低于0.70时,贫预混喷嘴的NOx排放低于10ppmv(@ 15% O2)。本文提出的新型贫预混喷嘴能满足燃气轮机低污染排放要求。     

双扇形孔气膜冷却效率的研究

对平板表面的双扇形孔排气膜冷却特性进行了研究,包括孔节距、动量比和主流湍流度对气膜冷却效率的影响.气膜孔的直径为d,气膜孔与主流方向的夹角为45°.孔节距有2d,3d和4d,动量比有1,2和4,主流湍流度有0.4%和8%.结果表明,气膜冷却效率随孔节距增大而降低;孔节距为2d时,动量比增大会引起气膜冷却效率显著增加;孔节距为4d时,气膜冷却效率受动量比的影响相对较小;在孔节距及动量比均较大时,主流湍流度的增大会导致气膜冷却效率较为明显的下降.      

气膜孔形状对排孔下游换热的影响

实验研究了气膜孔几何形状、二次流雷诺数及吹风比对孔排下游的局部换热系数的影响。所用孔形是簸箕形孔、圆锥形孔及圆柱形孔;实验的参数范围为二次流孔径雷诺数Re=10000～25000,二次流吹风比M=0.3～2.0,在上述范围选取了26个工况分别对3种孔形进行了实验。      

带60°肋U型通道中气膜孔对通道换热特性的影响

以航空发动机涡轮叶片中段内部冷却通道为研究对象,将其简化为带肋变截面U型通道。对通道内有气膜出流时的换热特性进行了实验研究。实验模型中,矩形肋对称布置在上下2个表面,气膜孔仅布置在第2通道内。文中定义了气膜开孔率的概念,采用单元分析法研究了气膜开孔率和出流比对通道内单元努塞数分布和第2通道压力分布的影响。实验结果表明,气膜出流比一定时,随着开孔率的增加,换热增强;在两肋之间的3个气膜孔中,肋后孔对通道换热影响最大;气膜出流比与通道努塞数的关系为二次曲线。      

Three-Dimensional Stress Fields in Finite Thickness Plate with Hole Under Shear Load

The theoretical solutions are obtained for the three-dimensional(3-D)stress field in an infinite isotropic elastic plate with a through-the-thickness circular hole subjected to shear load at far field by using Kane and Mindlin′s assumption based on the stress function method.Based on the present solutions,the characteristics of 3-D stress field are analyzed and the emphasis is placed on the effects of the plate thickness and Poisson′s ratio on the deviation of the present 3-D in-plane stress from the related plane stress solutions,the stress concentration and the out-of-plane constraint.The present solutions show that the stress concentration factor reaches its peak value of about 8.9% which is higher than that of the plane stress solutions.As expected,the out-of-plane stress constraint factor can reach 1on the surface of the hole when the plate is a very thick one.