航天飞行器热防护涂层研究进展

近年来,新研航天飞行器气动热环境往往具有高焓、高热流密度和长时间加热等特点,这促使防热材料的研制朝着低密度、高抗烧蚀、优良隔热等性能的方向发展。受自身材料类型的限制,无论烧蚀型(树脂基)或非烧蚀型(陶瓷基)防热材料都可以通过对烧蚀表面进行涂层处理的手段达到弥补材料性能短板,提高使用性能的目的。本文试图梳理、总结国内外近年来热防护系统用涂层材料的发展状况,探讨各自的优势和缺点,并提出了针对树脂基复合材料热防护涂层可能趋势的推测。     

考虑轨道摄动的外热流计算分析

为改进传统外热流算法未考虑外热流经多次反射后的吸收和国外商业软件未考虑轨道摄动及太阳矢量变化对外热流的影响等不足,重新定义了外热流角系数和外热流辐射传递因子,综合SGP4轨道模型和Gebhart方法,给出了考虑摄动等因素的辐射传递因子和轨道外热流计算模型,以及相应的计算流程。通过仿真分析论证了考虑多次反射及摄动等因素的重要性。     

Aerothermodynamic and stability analyses of a deployable re-entry capsule

Recent research projects, in the field of atmospheric re-entry technology, are focused on the design of deployable, umbrella-like Thermal Protection Systems (TPSs). These TPSs are made of flexible high temperature resistant fabrics, folded at launch and deployed in space for de-orbit and re-entry operations. In the present paper two possible sphere–cone configurations for the TPS have been investigated from an aerodynamic point of view. The analyzed configurations are characterized by the same reentry mass and maximum diameter, but have different half-cone angles (45° and 60°). The analyses involve both the evaluation of thermal and aerodynamic loads and the assessment of the capsule longitudinal stability. The aerothermodynamic analysis has been performed for the completely deployed heat shield in transitional and continuum regimes, while the longitudinal stability has been analyzed in free molecular, transitional and continuum regimes, also taking into consideration the heat shield deployment sequence at high altitudes.     

火箭返回制导动力着陆段的自适应启动方法

针对重复使用火箭垂直返回着陆问题,提出了一种燃料最优的动力着陆段自适应启动方法。首先,将燃料最优启动点对应的动力着陆轨迹的推力剖面和攻角剖面描述为解析的形式,该解析形式中攻角剖面由状态量唯一确定,推力剖面仅含一个待定参数。随后,通过预测具有上述解析剖面形式的轨迹判断是否启动动力着陆。计算中引入松弛终端位置约束的策略求解推力剖面待定参数,由终端位置约束判断是否满足燃料最优启动条件。上述策略将燃料最优启动条件的判断问题简化为单一变量求解问题,实现了该问题的快速求解。仿真结果表明,该方法得到的启动点与数值优化方法得到的燃料最优启动点接近,且求解过程稳定、计算效率高。     

吊挂系统对波瓣混合排气系统气动热力性能影响

为了明确短舱中吊挂系统的堵塞效应对波瓣混合排气系统气动热力性能的影响,采用数值模拟的方法对包含吊挂的混合排气系统进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,受吊挂系统的影响,在波瓣混合排气系统混合段内,存在着一大尺度的回流区,其作用范围随吊挂长度的增加而增加。在性能参数方面,与未考虑吊挂系统时相比,考虑吊挂之后,虽然混合排气系统出口处热混合效率以及推力系数下降很小,最大降幅仅分别为0.017和0.01,但总压恢复系数却显著下降,最大降幅达到了0.03。此外,随着吊挂系统长度的变化,排气系统出口处的热混合效率、总压恢复系数以及推力系数变化幅度小于0.01,变化很小。     

基于MATLAB/Simulink的飞机燃油箱内燃油温度仿真计算

燃油温度是飞机燃油箱可燃性评估的关键参数之一。为了研究飞机燃油箱内温度的分布规律及传热模型的正确性,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件平台搭建出了客机的燃油箱热仿真模型。在输入飞行实验所对应的的边界条件后,通过数值模拟获得燃油箱内部各计算节点处的燃油温度。结果表明,在三种不同的航行条件下,燃油箱热模型仿真结果均能较好地与飞行实验结果吻合,能够将计算误差控制在一定范围内。采用该燃油箱热模型进行热仿真数值模拟可以获得较为准确的飞机燃油箱热特性,能够在飞机设计阶段,用于对燃油箱结构以及内热源部件布置的优化。     

民用飞机通用地面支援设备选型程序浅析

为了满足航空公司/维修单位高效率、低成本的要求,在飞机的设计过程中,尽量减少专用地面支援设备的种类,以通用地面支援设备取代,成为了飞机主制造商及其供应商共同努力的目标,也成为了一种发展趋势。因此,在飞机运营及维护、维修过程中,通用地面支援设备的选型及程序显得越来越重要。     

民机防冰系统自然结冰试飞技术研究

结合某型民机自然结冰条件下防冰系统的试飞,对试飞所需的测试改装工作进行了总结,并对试飞前需进行的各种安全性评估进行了总结说明,明确了试飞中需考虑的各种构型情况,提出一套循序渐进的自然结冰试飞方法。同时提出了试飞中结冰气象参数的可接受性判据,最后针对自然结冰试飞中结冰气象参数的处理提出了分段等效处理的方法。     

Solar cycle and latitude dependence of high-beta suprathermal plasma conditions in interplanetary space between 1.3 and 5.4 AU

The analysis of energetic particles and magnetic field measurements from the Ulysses spacecraft has shown that in a series of events, the energy density contained in the suprathermal tail particle distribution is comparable to or larger than that of the magnetic field, creating conditions of high-beta plasma. In this work we analyze periods of high-beta suprathermal plasma occurrences (β_ep > 1) in interplanetary space, using the ratio (β_ep) of the energetic particle (20 keV to ∼5 MeV) and magnetic field energy densities from measurements covering the entire Ulysses mission lifetime (1990–2009) in order to reveal new or to reconfirm some recently defined interesting characteristics. The main key-results of the work are summarized as follows: (i) we verify that high-beta events are detected within well identified regions corresponding mainly to the vicinity of shock surfaces and magnetic structures, and associated with energetic particle intensity enhancements due to (a) reacceleration at shock-fronts and (b) unusually large magnetic field depressions. (ii) We define three considerable features for the high-beta events, concentrated on the next points: (a) there is an appreciable solar-activity influence on the high-beta events, during the maximum and middle solar-cycle phase, (b) the annual peak magnitude and the number of occurrences of high events are well correlated with the sunspot number, (c) the high-beta suprathermal plasma events present a spatial distribution in heliographic latitudes (HL) up to ∼±80°, and a specific important concentration on the low (−25° ? HL < −6°, 6° < HL ? 25°) and median (−45° ? HL < −25°, 25° < HL ? 45°) latitudes. We also reconfirm by a statistical analysis the results of Marhavilas and Sarris (2011), that the high-beta suprathermal plasma (β_ep > 1) events are characterized by a very large parameter β_ep (up to 1732.5), a great total duration (406 days) and a large percentage of the Ulysses-mission lifetime (which is equal to 6.34% of the total duration with usable measurements, and 11.3% of the duration in presence of suprathermal particles events).