Interaction mechanisms of shock waves with the boundary layer and wakes in a highly-loaded NGV using hybrid RANS/LES

Accurate predictions of Shock Waves and Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI) and strong Shock Waves and Wake Vortices Interaction (SWWVI) in a highly-loaded turbine propose challenges to the currently widely used Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. In this work, the SWBLI and the SWWVI in a highly-loaded Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV) are studied using a hybrid RANS/LES strategy. The Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) budget and the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method are used to analyze flow mechanisms. Results show that this hybrid RANS/LES method can obtain detailed flow structures for flow mechanisms analysis. Strong shock waves induce boundary layer separation, while the presence of a separation bubble can in turn lead to a Mach reflection phenomenon. The shock waves cause trailing-edge vortices to break clearly, and the wakes, in turn, can change the shocks intensity and direction. Furthermore, the Entropy Generation Rate (EGR) is used to analyze the irreversible loss. It turns out that the SWWVI can reduce the flow field loss. There are several weak shock waves in the NGV flow field, which can increase the irreversible loss. This work offers flow mechanisms analysis and presents the EGR distribution in SWBLI and SWWVI areas in a transonic turbine blade.     

Physical model for acoustic resonance in annular cavity structure

A physical model for acoustic resonance in the annular cavity structure is developed to represent the typical characteristic when acoustic resonance occurs. Firstly, the measurement of sound pressure in the casing and rotor blades vibration is operated in a multistage high pressure compressor. The sharp peak frequency and discrete multi-tone occur in the frequency spectrum of sound pressure in the compressor, and the vibration of the first stage of rotor blades synchronously presents the high amplitude. The frequencies associated with rotor blades vibration can be calculated with rotating sound source theory. It is also confirmed that acoustic resonance occurs in the multistage compressor. With acoustic similarity principle, an annular cavity model is established to simulate the typical characteristics of acoustic resonance in the compressor based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Lighthill acoustic analogy. The coupling relationship between cavity acoustic mode and disc vibration mode shape is expounded when acoustic resonance occurs in the model. And acoustic resonance will be locked in the certain flow rate range. All these characteristics match well with those occur in the multistage high pressure compressor.     

Comparison of global morphologies of vertical ion convergence and sporadic E occurrence rate

This study employs the Horizontal Wind model 2014 to calculate the intensity of the Vertical ion convergence (VIC) to examine the role of neutral wind shear in the global distribution of the Es occurrence rate. The global S4 observations from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS Occultation Experiment (GOX) are used to derive global information on the Es occurrence. Both the simulation and observation suggest that the Es highly occurs in the mid-latitude regions of the summer hemisphere.     

Application of novel force control strategies to enhance robotic abrasive belt grinding quality of aero-engine blades

Robotic belt grinding has emerged as a finishing process in recent years for machining components with high surface finish and flexibility.The surface machining consistency, however,is difficult to be guaranteed in such a process.To overcome this problem, a method of hybrid force-position control combined with PI/PD control is proposed to be applied in robotic abrasive belt grinding of complex geometries.Voltage signals are firstly obtained and transformed to force information with signal conditioning methods.Secondly, zero drift and gravity compensation algorithms are presented to calibrate the F/T transducer which is installed on the robot end-effector.Next, a force control strategy combining hybrid force-position control with PI/PD control is introduced to be employed in robotic abrasive belt grinding operations where the force control law is applied to the Z direction of the tool frame and the positon control law is used in the X direction of the tool frame.Then, the accuracy of the F/T transducer and the robotic force control system is analyzed to ensure the stability and reliability of force control in the robotic grinding process.Finally, two typical cases on robotic belt grinding of a test workpiece and an aero-engine blade are conducted to validate the practicality and effectiveness of the force control technology proposed.     

Optimal mission planning of the reconfiguration process of satellite constellations through orbital maneuvers: A novel technical framework

In this paper, a general new methodology is presented for the orbital reconfiguration of satellite constellations on the basis of Lambert targeting theorem. In view of the cost and risk reduction, it is very important to consider the problem of satellite constellation reconfiguration with the two constraints of overall mission cost minimization and the desired final configuration. Hence, the dependent non-simultaneous deployment approach is proposed to minimize overall fuel cost. Despite the fact that the satellites deploy in a non-simultaneous manner, supplementary phasing maneuvers on the target orbital pattern to achieve the desired orbital configuration are avoided. Moreover, a novel idea is presented to optimize the flight of satellites, which plays an important role in complying with the constraint of overall fuel cost minimization as much as possible. In order to achieve the global optimal solution of the satellite constellation reconfiguration problem, the efficient hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization/Genetic Algorithm (PSO/GA) technique, is implemented. Finally, to indicate the superiority of the presented method, a comparison to the simultaneous maneuver viewpoint is made on a number of representative cases. The obtained results imply significant reduction of reconfiguration costs by employing the proposed method.     

Microstructure,thermophysical property and ablation behavior of high thermal conductivity carbon/carbon composites after heat-treatment

Uni-directional carbon/carbon composites with high thermal conductivity are suitable to supply continuous thermal protection for future reentry vehicles since they could reduce surface temperature and ablation rates simultaneously in harsh environments. In this work, the high thermal conductivity carbon/carbon composites were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration. After heat-treatment, both their open porosity and internal friction increase due to the fiber/matrix thermal expansion mismatch; while their thermal conductive performance become better due to more complete carbon structure. With raising heat-treatment temperature from 1800 °C to 2450 °C, the mass and linear ablation rates of C/C composites with fibers vertical to the oxyacetylene torch for 60 s decrease from 0.66 mg/s and 2.95 μm/s to 0.51 mg/s and 2.05 μm/s respectively. The improved ablation resistance is resulted from the increased thermal conductivity from 282 to 508 W/(m·K) and more carbon fibers exposed to the flame during ablation, which have better oxidation resistance than those of carbon matrix. While such ablation rates become larger for composites with fibers parallel to the flame, from 1.02 mg/s and 3.73 μm/s to 1.28 mg/s and 5.01 μm/s respectively since the ablation occurred more easily through gaps at the fiber/matrix interfaces, which become larger and are always exposed to the flame for this case.     

空域资源优化配置及调整策略研究

近年来,不断增长的空中交通需求以及有限的空域资源之间的矛盾日益突出,尤其是在飞行量密集的多机场地区。在研究如空域灵活使用等国外空域管理方面的经典理论,以及已在实践应用层面取得的成果和经验的基础上,结合中国空域自身的条件及特点,从低空空域资源、军民航协调机制、多机场地区空域资源统筹三个方面作为切入点,提出了相应的空域资源配置及调整的构想,并详细阐述了实施的方法,得出了采用更科学优化和共享模式的空域资源使用方式才是解决中国空域紧缺的有效手段。     

Experimental and numerical study of tip injection in a subsonic axial flow compressor

Parametric study of tip injection was implemented experimentally on a subsonic axial flow compressor to understand the underlying flow mechanisms of stability improvement of the compressor with discrete tip injection.Injector throat height varied from 2 to 6 times the height of rotor tip clearance,and circumferential coverage percentage ranged from 8.3％ to 25％ of the annulus.Static pressure fluctuations over the rotor tip were measured with fast-response pressure transducers.Whole-passage time-accurate simulations were also carried out to help us understand the flow details.The combinations of tip injection with traditional casing treatments were experi mentally studied to generate an engineering-acceptable method of compressor stall control.The results indicate that the maximum stability improvement is achieved when injectors are choked despite their different sizes.The effect of circumferential coverage percentage on compressor stabil ity depends on the value of injector throat height for un-choked injectors,and vice versa.Tip blockage in the blade passage is greatly reduced by the choked injectors,which is the primary reason for stability enhancement.The accomplishment of blockage diminishment is maintained in the circumferential direction with the unsteady effect of tip injection,which manifests as a hysteresis between the recovery of tip blockage and the recovery of tip leakage vortex.The unsteady effect is primarily responsible for the effectiveness of tip injection with a partial circumferential coverage.Tip injection cannot enhance the stability of the rotor with axial slots significantly,but it can improve the stabil ity of the rotor with circumferential grooves further.The combined structure of tip injection with circumferential grooves is an alternative for engineering application.     

风扇出口导向叶片低噪声设计Ⅰ:方法与优化

作为"风扇出口导向叶片（Outlet Guide Vanes，OGV）低噪声设计"系列文章的第1篇，本文在现有压气机气动设计流程的基础上，加入了噪声评估过程，建立了基于通流设计的气动/声学一体化设计方法。为提高设计阶段的评估速度，以三维升力面理论与管道声学理论为基础，从通流设计和造型设计输出中提取参数，结合转子尾迹模型，建立了转/静干涉噪声的解析预测模型。以现代大涵道比涡扇发动机风扇/增压级为对象，采用该模型系统分析了OGV轴向掠形与周向倾斜对转/静干涉噪声的影响，获取了轴向掠形角与周向倾斜角等三维设计参数与风扇噪声的关系图谱，初步确定了低噪声设计较优降噪量的掠和倾组合方案。以此为基础，在保持叶尖子午投影位置和弦长不变的前提下，将叶片前缘和径向积叠进行参数化，采用遗传算法进一步开展了OGV的低噪声优化设计，最终获得了2个优化方案，预估的降噪量达到了8 dB。     

分布式数据采集控制系统的现状及发展趋势

综述了ＤＣＳ系统的形成，现状及今后的发展方向，阐明了应用远智能Ｉ／Ｏ改进ＤＣＳ系统的优越性及向ＦＣＳ系统的过渡。