RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

Failure mechanisms of bolted flanges in aero-engine casings subjected to impact loading

In this paper, a failure evaluation criterion was proposed for the bolted casing-flange structure under impact loading. Subsequently, ballistic tests with eighteen bolted casing-flange structure specimens were conducted to validate the failure evaluation criterion. Parameter studies were then carried out using the validated FE models. Both the experimental and numerical results demonstrated the accuracy of the failure evaluation criterion. The failure evaluation criterion provided a quick and easy way to determine the failure mode of the casing connection area by using the materials and dimensions of the structure. Based on the failure evaluation criterion, designing the structural failure mode of the bolted casing-flange structure to be between flange failure and bolt failure can improve the impact resistance of the connection area of the aero-engine casings. This investigation revealed that the impact failure is not the unique criterion in evaluating the containment of the casing connection area, structural failure should also be involved in the evaluation criteria.     

FOX-7的热分解机理

采用热原位红外、热裂解色谱-质谱、热重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了FOX-7的热分解过程,通过测定程序升温过程中凝聚相的化学结构变化和生成的气相产物,研究了FOX-7的热分解机理。研究结果表明,FOX-7在转晶后可能发生了缩合反应,使其处于缩合产物的平衡状态,随着温度的升高该平衡被打破,FOX-7开始分解成一些小官能团产物和小分子产物;气相产物中首先检测到NO,说明热分解的"脱硝"过程存在硝基与亚硝基互变反应过程。     

Vectran织物复合材料冲击响应与失效模式分析

文章以Vectran纤维织物与涂覆低温硅胶的Vectran织物复合材料为研究对象,通过低速冲击实验研究了材料的冲击响应与破坏模式,分析了冲击速率、冲头尺寸与冲头形状对材料冲击特性的影响。实验结果表明:Vectran纤维织物冲击破坏模式主要为主纱线的拉伸破坏,以及冲头非接触区域纱线的弹塑性变形与滑移;涂覆硅胶的Vectran织物复合材料冲击破坏模式主要为纤维断裂和拔出;织物复合材料具有明显的应变速率效应。     

宇航用元器件锡晶须生长研究

通过分析锡晶须的研究历史,将锡晶须的研究归结为三个阶段:早期对锡晶须现象的研究、锡晶须生长机理的研究和减缓锡晶须生长方法的研究。比较了锡晶须长度及密度的测量方法。总结了目前抑制锡晶须生长的方法:在不同基底材料上采用不同厚度镀锡层;使用Ni、In等阻挡层;对镀层表面进行热处理和回流处理;避免使用纯锡镀层,镀层合金化;在镀层表面覆盖保形涂层。     

基于充分搅拌反应器模型简化详细反应机理

基于充分搅拌反应器(perfectly stirred reactor)模型,改进了相关性分析方法和主成分分析方法的应用方式,对航空煤油(替代燃油)的详细反应机理进行了简化.该详细反应机理由航空煤油替代燃油(80%的正癸烷,20%的1,2,4-三甲基苯组成,以质量计)的反应机理和的NO_X反应机理综合得到,总共包含131种组分,1020个不可逆基元反应.简化工况选为:充分搅拌反应器进口温度800 K、压力101325 Pa、停留时间3 ms、体积为常数、忽略热损失;目标是使得简化机理在绝热的充分搅拌反应器中计算得到的温度和重要组分(CO,CO₂,NO)的摩尔分数与详细机理的计算结果在5%的误差范围内.结果表明,在简化工况宽广的当量比范围内(0.5～2.0)简化机理均能满足设定的目标.      

纳米颗粒在储层微流道中的减阻机理实验研究

用SNP1-1、SNP2-2和SNP2-4三种疏水纳米材料分别与柴油配制成3种油基纳米液,用SNP2-2分别与ND3和ND4配制成2种水基纳米液,通过岩心流动实验测试了这5种纳米液的减阻效果。实验结果显示,3种油基纳米液使岩心水相渗透率提高了42%、49%和24%,2种水基纳米液分别使岩心水相渗透率提高了17.5%和75%,5种纳米液都具有减阻效果,但不同纳米液的效果差异明显,这说明增注液不具有唯一性,但纳米粒径、修饰剂和分散剂对减阻效果有明显的影响。测试了SNP2-2油基纳米液处理岩心的耐冲刷能力,岩心经180倍孔隙体积（PV）水的驱替,仍具有一定的效果,说明纳米边界层流道壁面有较强的吸附能力。现场采用SNP2-2和ND4配制的纳米液进行了三口井的增注试验,注水压力最大降幅12.5MPa。研究结果与实验前的设想相符,较好地说明了纳米减阻机理。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列的骨舌鱼科鱼类分子系统发育的研究

为阐明骨舌鱼科鱼类的遗传结构和进化关系,测定了美丽硬仆骨舌鱼Scleropages formosus的3个品种金龙(Gold arowana)、红龙(Red arowana)、青龙(Green arowana)细胞色素b(cyt b)基因全序列(1 141 bp),结合来自GenBank中珍珠龙Scleropages leichardti、星点珍珠龙S. jardini、非洲龙Heterotis niloticus、黑龙Osteoglossum ferrerirai、银龙O. bicirrhosum、海象Arapaima gigas的全序列,用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树,初步分析了骨舌鱼科鱼类的系统发育关系.NJ树和 MP树均一致表明,骨舌鱼类为单系类群,分为4支,支持骨舌鱼科下设4个属(坚体鱼属Scleropages、异耳鱼属Heterotis、骨舌鱼属Osteoglossum、巨骨舌鱼属Arapaima)阶元的分类系统,4个属的系统关系与其形态、生态特征表型进化和地理分布较为一致.而金龙、红龙和青龙的mtDNA Cytb的碱基差异小于1%,说明这3个龙鱼品种还在同一种的水平上.     

改进Delta并联机构运动可靠性分析

 运动精度是评价机构质量的重要考核指标。以往并联机构运动精度分析中,往往不考虑输入误差的随机性,造成评价结果不准确。首先应用齐次坐标变换,推导了改进Delta并联机构的位置反解公式。基于位置反解和一阶泰勒展开,建立了包含机构尺寸误差、转动副间隙误差和驱动误差的机构位置误差计算模型。利用该误差模型,考虑各个原始输入误差的随机性,推导了机构运动可靠性数学模型,给出了评价机构运动可靠性高低的量度和计算方法。运动可靠性是机构运动精度高低的更本质的衡量指标。运动可靠性分析是机构优化设计和误差补偿的基础。     

企业利益相关者激励机制的构建——基于对“股东至上”理论的质疑

当各种主流企业理论没有充足的理由证明企业的所有权应该全部归企业股东所有时,西方学者在20世纪60年代开始了企业利益相关者理论的研究。纵观利益相关者理论在国内外的研究成果,不难发现,利益相关者对企业发展有着不可忽视的重要影响。为了提高企业的综合竞争能力,企业应该对其资本市场的利益相关者、产品市场的利益相关者以及组织中的利益相关者设计出有效的激励机制,让企业中的各方利益相关者一起为实现企业的战略目标而共同奋斗。