Total electron content measurements in ionospheric physics

With the advent of modern global networks of dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS), total electron content (TEC) measurements along slant paths connecting GPS receivers and satellites at 22,000 km have become the largest data set available to ionospheric scientists. The TEC can be calculated from the time and phase delay in the GPS signal using the GPS Toolkit, but an unknown bias will remain. In addition, UHF/VHF radio beacons on board low-Earth-orbiting satellites can also be used to measure the electron content. However, the TEC measurements are obtained by integrating TEC differences between slant paths, but also contain biases. It is often necessary to use data assimilative algorithms like the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three-Dimensional (IDA3D), and to treat both GPS- and LEO-beacon TEC measurements as relative data in order to conduct ionospheric studies.     

气固两相湍流场纳米颗粒演变特性综述

含纳米颗粒的气固两相湍流场在包括航空等众多领域中很常见,以单体、聚集体和团聚体不同形式存在的纳米颗粒在流场中经过生成、对流、扩散、凝并、破碎等过程,其数密度、尺度、尺度分散度等将发生变化。本文就以上相关研究状况进行了回顾,说明颗粒生成是气相化学反应产生的可冷凝蒸汽物质因表面冷却、绝热膨胀或混合、湍流混合或化学过程产生的过饱和所导致;导致颗粒凝并的原因包括布朗运动、湍流剪切、速度梯度、差异沉降;颗粒的凝并取决于颗粒的尺度和流场的特性,并受初始颗粒分布及湍流扩散控制;湍流场对颗粒凝并的影响除了湍流强度的因素外,还体现在由湍流脉动所引发的颗粒数密度的脉动;颗粒凝并后形成尺度较大的团聚体容易在流场剪切和其他因素作用下发生破碎;剪切破碎是导致颗粒破碎的主要因素,有效破碎系数取决于剪切率和颗粒的体积分数;颗粒的沉降取决于颗粒尺度、形状和流体性质等因素;导致颗粒沉降的因素有重力、扩散、惯性撞击、电场和热迁移等;当存在温度梯度时,热泳力对颗粒沉降也起到重要作用。本文最后提出了有待进一步研究的若干问题。     

Nonlinear electron-acoustic rogue waves in electron-beam plasma system with non-thermal hot electrons

The properties of nonlinear electron-acoustic rogue waves have been investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless four-component plasma system consisting of a cold electron fluid, non-thermal hot electrons obeying a non-thermal distribution, an electron beam and stationary ions. It is found that the basic set of fluid equations is reduced to a nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The dependence of rogue wave profiles on the electron beam and energetic population parameter are discussed. The results of the present investigation may be applicable in auroral zone plasma.     

An improved,near real time water vapor path delay correction of Cryosat-2 sea surface height measurements

This paper presents improvements of a method (Stum et al., 2011) aimed at computing the water vapor path delay correction of altimeter sea surface height, using total precipitable water measurements from scanning microwave radiometers. The main interest of this improved method is for the Cryosat-2 mission over the ocean. Focus is made on the applicability of the method in near real time. An experiment to produce an operational path delay correction for Jason-2 and Cryosat-2 Interim Geophysical Data Records (IGDR) has been set up. Results confirm that the new correction, although less accurate than the one attainable with an embarked radiometer, improves the Cryosat-2 sea surface height accuracy.     

高超声速升力体飞行器等离子体鞘数值模拟

为探究高超声速再入过程中通信“黑障”的影响因素,基于一种化学反应平衡气体组分模型,采用有限体积法求解三维全N-S方程,数值方法采用AUSMPW+格式和LU-SGS隐式求解方法,模拟典型球锥体的高超声速流场,得到的电子数密度分布同RAM-C II飞行试验数据吻合良好。并针对一种升力体外形飞行器进行计算,选取高度范围35~55〖KG*9〗km、马赫数12~25、攻角10°~30°共14个飞行状态,得到了不同状态下的飞行器周围的电子数密度分布情况,对比分析发现电子数密度值与飞行高度、马赫数以及攻角的大小关系密切。     

表面钝化对超临界航空煤油静态结焦特性影响

通过静态装置,研究了不锈钢经表面磷化、酸洗钝化以及电解钝化后对超临界压力下航空煤油RP-3热氧化结焦的抑制效果,并对表面钝化层的耐久性做出评估.研究发现,不锈钢的钝化膜层有效地降低不锈钢表面催化活性,按结焦抑制效果排序为:电解钝化>酸洗钝化>磷化;化学稳定性好、耐蚀性强的钝化膜层会延长材料的使用寿命,按钝化膜耐蚀性排序为:电解钝化>酸洗钝化>磷化;综合结焦抑制效果及化学稳定性两个因素考虑,电解钝化为最佳表面钝化方案,但其在高温高腐蚀的煤油环境下长时间实验时易失去钝化效用.     

地面寿命试验中离子推力器表面的溅射沉积量计算

有效降低溅射沉积影响是离子推力器地面寿命试验需要解决的重要技术问题。文章建立了真空舱壁上溅射物沉积到离子推力器表面的计算模型。应用该模型计算了LIPS-200推力器在TS-7真空舱中进行寿命试验的背溅射沉积情况,对钛（Ti）材料和石墨（C）材料内衬,背溅射沉积量分别为0.79 μm/kh和0.20 μm/kh。对比美国NSTAR和NEXT离子推力器寿命试验中的背溅射沉积量测量数据,文章中的计算结果表明,LIPS-200推力器的表面沉积污染在可接受的范围。     

Regional 4-D modeling of the ionospheric electron density

The knowledge of the electron density is the key point in correcting ionospheric delays of electromagnetic measurements and in studying the ionosphere. During the last decade GNSS, in particular GPS, has become a promising tool for monitoring the total electron content (TEC), i.e., the integral of the electron density along the ray-path between the transmitting satellite and the receiver. Hence, geometry-free GNSS measurements provide informations on the electron density, which is basically a four-dimensional function depending on spatial position and time. In addition, these GNSS measurements can be combined with other available data including nadir, over-ocean TEC observations from dual-frequency radar altimetry (T/P, JASON, ENVISAT), and TECs from GPS-LEO occultation systems (e.g., FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, CHAMP) with heterogeneous sampling and accuracy.     

Ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR

Two models of ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) are proposed. For HF-SAR the signal with sweeping frequency lower than the characteristic frequency of ionosphere will be scatted during the ionosphere propagation and completely reflected at a corresponding height. The ionospheric electron density isolines looked as series of random surfaces can be reconstructed from the HF-SAR echoes by using the inverse scattering technique for layered rough surfaces and the method of moment (MoM). The numerical simulation show that due to the MoM can provide a full wave solution, the ionosphere tomography with high resolution can be obtained as long as enough sampling data of HF-SAR echoes are used. For VHF/UHF/P/L-band SAR the TEC (Total Electron Content) can be obtained from the SAR echoes scattered by some strong point targets (such as the calibrators, etc.) appeared in the SAR imaged ground region, and the ionosphere tomography can be performed by CT technique.     

Rocket observations of propagating waves in the night time equatorial F-region over Brazil

A Brazilian SONDA III rocket carrying plasma diagnostic experiments was launched from the Brazilian rocket launching stations in Alcântara (2.31°S, 44.4°W Geog. Lat.) to measure the height profiles of electron density, electron temperature and the ambient electric field. High frequency capacitance probe was used to measure the height profile of the electron density and the Langmuir probe was used to measure the electron density and the spatial structures of plasma irregularities. An electric field double probe was used to measure the electric field fluctuations associated with the F-region plasma irregularities. Spectral analysis of the fluctuations in electron density and electric field indicated the presence of propagating waves in the night time F-region over a large height range. The electron temperatures estimated from the LP data showed abnormally high values in the base of the F-region during the upleg of the rocket and practically normal values in the same height region during the downleg. A brief study of the characteristic features of the spectra of electron density and electric field fluctuations and the associated electron temperature variations are presented and discussed here.