高能X射线辐照材料的SPH数值模拟

高能脉冲X射线辐照材料时,能量沉积会使材料表层发生气化,并在材料内部形成高压热击波。目前一般采用差分方法对高压热击波过程进行数值模拟。文章尝试采用光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法对X射线辐照材料进行数值模拟,由于材料表层的气化膨胀所致,膨胀后的粒子体积是原来的几十倍甚至上百倍,产生粒子大变形的粒子穿透现象;分析了产生粒子穿透现象的主要原因是气化边界处密度计算公式不合适所致,为此对密度计算公式进行了改进,并开展了基于改进密度计算公式的两种方法的数值模拟,两种方法的计算结果比较一致。     

超临界压力RP-3壁面结焦对流阻的影响

实验研究了长时间加热条件下航空煤油RP-3在微细不锈钢管内流动过程中结焦对流动及换热的影响规律。实验中系统压力保持为5 MPa,燃油质量流量为3 g/s。在燃油溶解氧达到饱和的条件下,实验段进出口油温分别为130℃和450℃。实验从开始到终止持续36 h。实验结果表明,随着时间的增长,管内的结焦量不断增加。由于壁面结焦现象对管内流动和换热产生严重的影响,管内各段换热在实验前期迅速恶化逐渐趋于稳定,管内流阻随着实验时间的增加持续增长。管内流动阻力随着时间的增长呈现出"快速增长→平稳增长→急速增长"的过程。另外,基于实验结果,提出了一种影响系数作为判断结焦对换热器单管影响的工程模型。      

倾角对涡旋压缩机运行特性影响的实验研究

针对空间蒸汽压缩热泵系统中压缩机的润滑问题,对不依赖重力回油的汽车涡旋压缩机进行改变倾角的实验,研究重力方向对涡旋压缩机及热泵系统运行的影响。结果表明压缩机在0°~360°范围内改变角度时,热泵系统均能正常工作;当吸热量为2500~3500W时,蒸发温度最大变化量为1.3℃,蒸发冷凝温差以及热泵系统性能系数（COP）的最大变化量分别为3.2%和6.3%,重力无关性较好。压缩机的性能与循环油量有关,本实验中压缩机在倒置的角度下,沉积的润滑油与冷却剂一起进入热泵系统参与循环,使其性能略有提高。     

化学模型对数值模拟等离子体流动的影响研究

针对典型再入飞行试验条件,基于求解化学非平衡N-S方程的数值方法,对再入体非平衡等离子体绕流进行数值模拟,比较分析了两种典型化学模型对电子数密度数值模拟结果的影响。研究发现,7组分化学模型的电子数密度模拟结果具有较好的一致性,而11组分化学模型的数值模拟结果则存在较大差异,产生差异的主要机制在于不同模型中氧原子的电离效应,总体上Park模型的数值模拟结果与飞行测量结果具有较好的一致性。     

Imaging Global Electron Content backwards in time more than 160 years ago

The Global Electron Content, GEC, represents the total number of electrons in the spherical layer over the Earth restricted by orbit of Global Positioning Satellite system (20,200 km). GEC is produced from Global Ionospheric Map of Total Electron Content, GIM-TEC, transformed to the electron density varying with height using the International Reference Ionosphere and Plasmasphere model, IRI-Plas. The climatologic GEC model is developed from GIM-TEC maps for a period 1999–2012 including the solar activity, annual and semiannual cycles as the most important factors affecting daily GEC variation. The proxy R_zp of the international sunspot numbers, R_i, is used as a measure of solar activity composed of 3 day smoothed R_i, 7 day and 81 day backwards mean of R_i scaled to the range of 1–40 proxy units, p.u. The root mean square error of the GEC climatologic model is found to vary from 8% to 13% of GEC. Taking advantage of a long history of sunspot numbers, the climatologic GEC model is applied for GEC reconstruction backwards in time for more than 160 years ago since 1850. The extended set of GEC values provides the numerical representation of the ionosphere and plasmasphere electron content coherent with variations of solar activity as a potential proxy index driving the ionosphere models.     

Active space debris charging for contactless electrostatic disposal maneuvers

The remote charging of a passive object using an electron beam enables touchless re-orbiting of large space debris from geosynchronous orbit (GEO) using electrostatic forces. The advantage of this method is that it can operate with a separation distance of multiple craft radii, thus reducing the risk of collision. The charging of the tug–debris system to high potentials is achieved by active charge transfer using a directed electron beam. Optimal potential distributions using isolated- and coupled-sphere models are discussed. A simple charging model takes into account the primary electron beam current, ultra-violet radiation induced photoelectron emission, collection of plasma particles, secondary electron emission and the recapture of emitted particles. The results show that through active charging in a GEO space environment high potentials can be both achieved and maintained with about a 75% transfer efficiency. Further, the maximum electrostatic tractor force is shown to be insensitive to beam current levels. This latter later result is important when considering debris with unknown properties.     

Effect of beam current on microstructures and mechanical properties of joints of TZM/30CrMnSiA by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding experiments of TZM alloy and 30CrMnSiA steel butt joints were carried out with different beam currents. Microstructures and chemical compositions of typical zones were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile strength tests. Besides, nanoindentation tests were carried out to compare the brittleness of the reaction layer and other typical microstructures. The results illustrated that the reaction layer at the interface between fusion zone (FZ) and TZM alloy was the weak position of the joint, which was divided into Fe₂Mo layer and a mixture layer of Fe₂Mo and α-Fe phases. As the beam current increased, the thickness of the Fe₂Mo layer decreased, which resulted in the increasing of the tensile strength of the joints. When the beam current exceeded 24 mA, the formation of the joint was poor with a low tensile strength. When the beam current was 24 mA, the joint presented the highest strength of 191.3 MPa and the joint fractured along the Fe₂Mo layer near the TZM alloy side with a brittle fracture mode.     

S型管内超临界航空煤油的裂解与结焦研究

再生主动冷却是超燃冲压发动机热防护的关键技术之一。为了探究冷却通道中弯管结构产生的二次流对碳氢燃料裂解与结焦特性的影响,使用S型圆管实验段进行了RP-3航空煤油超临界裂解结焦实验。重点考察了沿程壁温、产气率、气相产物分布以及S型管结焦沿程分布特征。实验结果表明：由于S型管的结构特点,沿程壁温和结焦分布均呈现出与直管相迥异的特征。在两个弯道区域,离心力产生的二次流加剧湍流混合,强化了局部换热,导致壁温下降。结焦率在弯道结构处出现小幅度局部峰值,在出口温度为700℃时,第二个弯道处平均结焦率比中间直管段提高了101%~170%。这可能与弯道处对应的局部高温、输运作用增强和局部摩擦阻力的增大三者综合作用有关。此外,还发现S型管产气率比直管更高,在出口温度为700℃时提高了10.2%~14.9%。可能是弯管处内侧壁面附近的燃料受局部高温影响,裂解反应加剧,产气率增加。而S型管的特殊结构对裂解的反应路径无明显影响,因此气相产物分布与直管并无明显差异。     

船舶燃气轮机U型肋通道的颗粒沉积特性研究

为了探究船舶燃气轮机内部冷却通道的颗粒沉积特性,本研究从随压气机抽取的气体进入冷却涡轮内部冷却通道内的颗粒动力学特性及颗粒与壁面相互作用特性出发,基于高温壁面建立速度场影响的沉积模型,利用用户自定义函数实现沉积模型与CFD程序的嵌套。并简化船舶燃气轮机内部冷却通道,选取了在气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=90°时,下游肋倾角α不同(α=30°,45°,60°,75°,90°),及在下游肋倾角α=60°时,气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β不同(β=30°,45°,60°,75°,90°)的八种不同内冷结构进行数值计算。研究表明,在气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=90°不变时,随着下游肋倾角由α=90°减到α=30°时,弯头壁面换热性能和沉积率逐渐呈下降趋势,下游肋与肋之间壁面上颗粒的撞击率逐渐上升。下游肋倾角α=60°,气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=45°的U型肋通道,在八个内冷结构中弯头壁面沉积率最少,换热性能最好,是能够有效改善船舶燃气轮机冷却涡轮的海洋环境工作适应性,减少内部冷却通道中颗粒沉积的内冷结构。     

三向碳-碳复合材料界面结构研究

本文用透射电子显微术研究了三向碳-碳复合材料的界面结构。结果表明:在碳纤维表面微缺陷区或活性区,存在沉积碳微晶条带“钉扎”结构;在碳纤维表面光滑区,存在一定数量的界面间隙:沥青碳与沉积碳的界面存在一个沉积碳微晶条带与沥青碳石墨条带相互贯穿网络所形成的诱导结构界面相。本文分析了界面缺陷,并讨论了界面结构对纤维束断裂行为的影响。