航天器表面充电的数值模拟

根据等效电路理论模式,通过计算机模拟了航天器在强亚暴空间环境下阴暗区和光照区两种不同环境下的表面充电情况。选取了比较有代表性的充电情况的等效元进行分析,并参照了ATS-6卫星的实际数据。结果表明,考虑到数值模拟中各种近似条件的假设,模拟结果和实际充电情况基本符合。     

卫星无线传能系统主动电场屏蔽效能分析

针对无线传能系统宽频段电场辐射屏蔽的需求,建立了采用主动屏蔽方式的无线传能系统屏蔽效能分析电路模型。推导出主动屏蔽激励源可由无线传能系统电压激励源控制。给出了空间点位置和面位置屏蔽效能计算公式,通过对激励电压源进行傅里叶变换后提取关注频段电压分量可实现对宽频段屏蔽效能的分析。通过仿真分析证明了方法的有效性,屏蔽效能与空间位置有关,同时受限于传输效率的约束。通过调节压控电压源的压控系数可以在传输效率损失相对较小的情况下实现关注位置电场辐射的有效屏蔽。最后通过实验验证了无线传能系统主动屏蔽方式屏蔽效能分析方法的正确性和工程可应用性。     

Towards the automated operations of large distributed satellite systems. Part 2: Classifications and tools

Recent developments have seen a trend towards larger constellations of spacecraft, with some proposals featuring constellations of more than 10.000 satellites. While similar concepts for large constellations already existed in the past, traditional satellite deployments hardly ever feature groups of more than 100 satellites. This trend towards considerably larger satellite numbers originates from non-traditional design and operations of spacecraft by non-traditional space companies. The evolution in the space sector, precipitated by new players, is often referred to as “Space 4.0” or “New Space”. It necessitates a rethinking of the way satellites and satellite constellations are planned, designed, and operated. New operational paradigms are needed to enable automatic, optimal task definition, and scheduling in a holistic approach.This is the second of two companion papers that investigate the operations of distributed satellite systems. This second article investigates the classification of distributed satellite systems and evaluates commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations, whereas the first article performed a survey of conventional and “new space”operations of spacecraft constellations.Classification metrics for constellations are derived and evaluated with respect to their informative value concerning the operation, the automation, and the scalability of the constellation. The proposed classification system is applied to the Dove and RapidEye constellation and allows for a comparison between the presented automation approaches. Commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations are evaluated for several mission task elements, such as orbit control, orbit maintenance, and collision avoidance. Subsequently, the trends, benefits, and standardization needs for operational automation are identified.     

充液航天器质量特性计算方法研究

充液航天器的质量特性对飞行动力学建模和控制设计有着重要影响。质量特性测量装置通常只能测出干重状态下航天器的质量特性，而充液状态下的航天器质量特性只能靠计算给出，其中如何计及各贮箱内液体的惯性张量是此类工程计算的难点。首先采用势流理论推导了任意形状贮箱内液体质量特性的一般表达式，包括全充液情况和部分充液情况，其中对部分充液情况考虑了自由液面小幅晃动的影响；然后采用三维有限元方法建立了液体质量特性的数值计算方法，并通过一个验证算例确认了该计算方法的有效性；最后应用该方法计算了一个充液航天器的质量特性，并研究了不同的液体处理方法对计算结果的影响。研究表明，工程上通常采用的“固化液体”处理方法所计算出来的转动惯量明显偏大，而所提出的计算方法具有更好的理论正确性和工程适用性。     

Paths not taken – The Gossamer roadmap’s other options

Highly efficient low-thrust propulsion is increasingly applied beyond commercial use, also in mainstream and flagship science missions, in combination with gravity assist propulsion. Another recent development is the growth of small spacecraft solutions, not in size but in numbers and individual capabilities.Just over ten years ago, the DLR-ESTEC Gossamer Roadmap to Solar Sailing was set up to guide technology developments towards a propellant-less and highly efficient class of spacecraft for solar system exploration and applications missions: small spacecraft solar sails designed for carefree handling and equipped with carried application modules.Soon, in three dedicated Gossamer Roadmap Science Working Groups it initiated studies of missions uniquely feasible with solar sails such as Displaced L₁ (DL1) space weather advance warning and monitoring, Solar Polar Orbiter (SPO) delivery to very high inclination heliocentric orbit, and multiple Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) rendezvous (MNR). Together, they demonstrate the capability of near-term solar sails to achieve at least in the inner solar system almost any kind of heliocentric orbit within 10 years, from the Earth-co-orbital to the extremely inclined, eccentric and even retrograde. Noted as part of the MNR study, sail-propelled head-on retrograde kinetic impactors (RKI) go to this extreme to achieve the highest possible specific kinetic energy for the deflection of hazardous asteroids.At DLR, the experience gained in the development of deployable membrane structures leading up to the successful ground deployment test of a (20 m)², i.e., 20 m by 20 m square solar sail at DLR Cologne in 1999 was revitalized and directed towards a 3-step small spacecraft development line from as-soon-as-possible sail deployment demonstration (Gossamer-1) via in-flight evaluation of sail attitude control actuators (Gossamer-2) to an envisaged proving-the-principle flight in the Earth-Moon system (Gossamer-3). First, it turned the concept of solar sail deployment on its head by introducing four separable Boom Sail Deployment Units (BSDU) to be discarded after deployment, enabling lightweight 3-axis stabilized sailcraft. By 2015, this effort culminated in the ground-qualified technology of the DLR Gossamer-1 deployment demonstrator Engineering Qualification Model (EQM). For mission types using separable payloads, such as SPO, MNR and RKI, design concepts can be derived from the BSDU characteristic of DLR Gossamer solar sail technology which share elements with the separation systems of asteroid nanolanders like MASCOT. These nano-spacecraft are an ideal match for solar sails in micro-spacecraft format whose launch configurations are compatible with ESPA and ASAP secondary payload platforms.Like any roadmap, this one contained much more than the planned route from departure to destination and the much shorter distance actually travelled. It is full of lanes, narrow and wide, detours and shortcuts, options and decision branches. Some became the path taken on which we previously reported. More were explored along the originally planned path or as new sidings in search of better options when circumstance changed and the project had to take another turn. But none were dead ends, they just faced the inevitable changes when roadmaps face realities and they were no longer part of the road ahead. To us, they were valuable lessons learned or options up our sleeves. But for future sailors they may be on their road ahead.     

Optimal guidance and collision avoidance for docking with the rotating target spacecraft

The guidance and control strategy for spacecraft rendezvous and docking are of vital importance, especially for a chaser spacecraft docking with a rotating target spacecraft. Approach guidance for docking maneuver in planar is studied in this paper. Approach maneuver includes two processes: optimal energy approach and the following flying-around approach. Flying-around approach method is presented to maintain a fixed relative distance and attitude for chaser spacecraft docking with target spacecraft. Due to the disadvantage of energy consumption and initial velocity condition, optimal energy guidance is presented and can be used for providing an initial state of flying-around approach process. The analytical expression of optimal energy guidance is obtained based on the Pontryagin minimum principle which can be used in real time. A couple of solar panels on the target spacecraft are considered as obstacles during proximity maneuvers, so secure docking region is discussed. A two-phase optimal guidance method is adopted for collision avoidance with solar panels. Simulation demonstrates that the closed-loop optimal energy guidance satisfies the ending docking constraints, avoids collision with time-varying rotating target, and provides the initial velocity conditions of flying-around approach maneuver. Flying-around approach maneuver can maintain fixed relative position and attitude for docking.     

多充液贮腔航天器耦合动力学与姿态控制

基于已有的质心面液体大幅晃动等效力学模型，采用拉格朗日方法，系统地建立了任意复杂激励下四贮腔航天器刚-液耦合动力学精确模型。由本文方法所得到的等效晃动力及晃动力矩与通过Flow3D计算出的相应结果吻合良好，验证了所建模型的可靠性。根据所建立的大幅晃动类充液航天器耦合系统动力学模型进一步研究了该类航天器在进行三轴稳定姿态机动时的主要动力学耦合特性，并设计了一类抑制姿态振荡的补偿控 制器。     

一种使用磁力矩器管理双自旋航天器角动量的方法

针对一种新型采用双自旋设计进行对地遥感任务的航天器，提出了一种使用磁力矩器对旋转载荷角动量进行管理的方法。使用旋转载荷固连正交安装的三只磁力矩器，在旋转过程中连续输出周期性变化的磁矩，使自转一周过程中产生的合角动量方向仅沿自转轴方向，避免在其他两轴方向产生角动量累积。该方法在工程上可行性好，仿真结果表明旋转载荷角动量持续保持在期望值附近，不随时间累加。     

基于混响室的电磁环境及自然环境综合试验箱设计和仿真技术

本文提出一种基于混响室平台将电磁环境和自然环境结合的综合试验箱集成技术，该试验箱集成了环境试验条件和电磁辐射敏感度试验条件，可以在高低温、湿热、温度循环、温度冲击等多种环境条件下同时对电子设备施加电磁辐射干扰，考核电子设备在同施加环境应力和电磁应力的复杂条件下的适应性。经过设计、建造和测试，该集成技术满足各项预期指标并容易进行推广，可进一步降低设备试验成本。     

Dynamic modeling and multi-stage integrated control method of ultra-quiet spacecraft

Space telescope ultrahigh precision pointing control requires the spacecraft platform to provide an ultra-quiet working environment. Vibration isolator rejection control and the multi-stage integrated control method is believed to be one of the best methods to improve the space telescope attitude control performance. In this paper, the fine dynamics model of multi-stage spacecraft systems is presented and the multi-stage integrated controller design techniques are provided. Effectiveness of the multi-stage integrated control approach is demonstrated by both the numerical simulation and experiment results. An integrated design and demonstrated experimental environment is developed for high-fidelity control performance assessment. The verification experiments for the space telescope attitude control and vibration control are carried out. The results show that the pointing accuracy and stability of the line-of-sight (LOS) for space telescope are improved at least one order by the multi-stage integrated control method.