Review on signal-by-wire and power-by-wire actuation for more electric aircraft

The huge and rapid progress in electric drives offers new opportunities to improve the performances of aircraft at all levels:fuel burn,environmental footprint,safety,integration and production,serviceability,and maintainability.Actuation for safety-critical applications like flight-controls,landing gears,and even engines is one of the major consumers of non-propulsive power.Conventional actuation with centralized hydraulic power generation and distribution and control of power by throttling has been well established for decades,but offers a limited potential of evolution.In this context,electric drives become more and more attractive to remove the natural drawbacks of conventional actuation and to offer new opportunities for improving performance.This paper takes the stock,at both the signal and power levels,of the evolution of actuation for safety-critical applications in aerospace.It focuses on the recent advances and the remaining chal lenges to be taken toward full electrical actuation for commercial and military aircraft,helicopters,and launchers.It logically starts by emphasizing the specificity of safety-critical actuation for aero space.The following section addresses in details the evolution of aerospace actuation from mechanically-signaled and hydraulically-supplied to all electric,with special emphasis on research and development programs and on solutions entered into service.Finally,the last section reviews the challenges to be taken to generalize the use of all-electric actuators for future aircraft programs.     

执行器故障下的运载火箭非奇异终端滑模容错控制

针对存在未知外部干扰和执行器卡死故障的运载火箭,提出了一种基于非奇异终端滑模面的姿态跟踪控制算法。首先,建立了考虑干扰和执行器卡死故障的运载火箭姿态控制系统多输入多输出系统模型;然后定义了运载火箭姿态跟踪系统模型,针对定义的模型,设计了一种非奇异终端滑模面,使得系统在执行器故障情况下仍能较为精确地跟踪参考信号。基于李雅普诺夫函数证明了运载火箭姿态跟踪控制系统的稳定性和有限时间收敛特性。数值仿真检验了本文基于非奇异终端滑模运载火箭姿态跟踪控制算法的有效性。     

Numerical study on flow fields and aerodynamics of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode based on embedded grid and actuator model

A method combining rotor actuator disk model and embedded grid technique is presented in this paper, aimed at predicting the flow fields and aerodynamic characteristics of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode more efficiently and effectively. In this method, rotor's influence is considered in terms of the momentum it impacts to the fluid around it; transformation matrixes among different coordinate systems are deduced to extend actuator method's utility to conversion mode flow fields' calculation. Meanwhile, an embedded grid system is designed, in which grids generated around fuselage and actuator disk are regarded as background grid and minor grid respectively, and a new method is presented for ‘donor searching' and ‘hole cutting' during grid assembling. Based on the above methods, flow fields of tilt rotor aircraft in conversion mode are simulated, with threedimensional Navier–Stokes equations discretized by a second-order upwind finite-volume scheme and an implicit lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) time-stepping scheme. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed CFD method is very effective in simulating the conversion mode flow fields of tilt rotor aircraft.     

作动器输出机构刚度优化设计与仿真分析

作动器输出机构的变形可以看作是输出轴体扭转变形与摇臂变截面悬臂梁变形的综合。从材料力学的角度出发,详细推导了作动器输出机构机械刚度的理论计算方法,并以此理论为依据对作动器输出机构的结构进行优化设计。通过仿真对比确定优化设计的正确性,为工程应用提供了有力的理论支撑。     

自耦合射流对平行主射流的矢量偏转实验研究

为研究自耦合射流与主射流空间布局对主流矢量偏转的影响,采用了二者平行布局的方式,利用压电陶瓷单缝自耦合射流作动器出口两侧的低压区的卷吸作用,使主射流发生了显著的矢量偏转。实验表明,主射流的偏转角与自耦合射流和主射流之间的间距d,高差s等参数有关。在实验条件下,自耦合射流使约5·4m/s流速的主射流产生了最大45°的矢量偏转。     

飞机全电刹车系统的发展与关键技术研究

刹车系统是影响飞机起降安全的关键功能子系统之一,全电刹车是刹车系统的发展方向,是多电飞机重要的组成部分;与传统的液压刹车系统相比,全电刹车系统具有架构简单、可靠性高、经济性好等明显优势;本文首先对国内外全电刹车发展现状进行收集和整理,通过对比分析,找到国内外全电刹车技术上的差距;然后,根据样件试验情况,从自身角度出发,对全电刹车系统的关键技术进行梳理和分析,为国内全电刹车的研究和发展提供参考;最后,对国内全电刹车的发展现状进行思考。     

电静液作动器自调节积分鲁棒运动控制

针对电静液作动器系统中存在的匹配干扰及不匹配干扰,基于扩张状态观测器,设计了一种自调节积分鲁棒控制方法。首先设计扩张状态观测器估计系统的匹配不确定性并且进行前馈补偿;然后设计自调节积分鲁棒控制器分别处理系统的不匹配干扰和状态估计误差,实现了电静液作动器的渐近跟踪控制;最后通过仿真验证了该控制方案的有效性。结果表明：相较于传统的PID控制器,该控制器的跟踪误差约为0.2mm,控制精度达到0.4%左右。     

一类不确定非线性系统的回馈递推滑模鲁棒控制器设计

针对一类多输入多输出不确定非线性系统，用一个RBF神经网络获得未建模动态和外来扰动的估计值，将回馈递推思想与滑模控制相结合，逐步回馈递推，设计了鲁捧控制器。将这种方案用于某型侧滑转弯导弹的飞行控制系统设计。其中，为克服导弹作动器的位置饱和、速率饱和问题，改进了滑动面的符号函数，并采用模糊逻辑对滑动面的斜率进行实时调整。仿真表明了该控制方法的有效性。     

ESO-based event-triggered attitude control of spacecraft with unknown actuator faults

An event-triggered control strategy based on extended state observer (ESO) is proposed for the attitude tracking problem of small plug-and-play spacecraft with uncertain inertia parameters, external disturbances, and actuator faults. A simplified controller is developed based on the angular velocity and the general disturbances estimated by the provided ESO using the information of the system inputs and the angular velocities. In the designed event-triggered sampling mechanism, a state-dependent event-triggered strategy determines the triggering instant of the controller to reduce the frequency of information transmission between the controller and the actuator. In comparison with the previous literature, this paper considers uncertain inertia parameters, external disturbances, and actuator faults as general disturbances estimated by ESO, especially for the actuator faults. The inputs of ESO are the error of the angular velocities, which can simplify the controller design. Moreover, the designed ESO can effectively attenuate the influence of measured noises generated by the gyroscopes. The proposed event-triggered policy balances the performance of event-triggering and the control stability performance, which reduces the final state convergence regions without increasing more triggering times compared to existing studies. Furthermore, the investigated policy achieves Zeno-free triggering. Numerical simulations verify theoretical results.