A material experiment for small satellites to characterise the behaviour of carbon nanotubes in space – development and ground validation

Over the last years, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) drew interdisciplinary attention. Regarding space technologies a variety of potential applications were proposed and investigated. However, no complex data on the behaviour and degradation process of carbon nanotubes under space environment exist. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance of these new materials in space environment and to revaluate the application potential of CNTs in space technologies.Hence, CiREX (Carbon Nanotubes – Resistance Experiment) was developed as a part of a student project. It is a small and compact experiment, which is designed for CubeSat class space satellites. These are a class of nanosatellites with a standardized size and shape. The CiREX design, electrical measurements and the satellites interfaces will be discussed in detail. CiREX is the first in-situ space material experiment for CNTs.To evaluate the data obtained from CiREX, ground validation tests are mandatory. As part of an extensive test series the behaviour of CNTs under solar ultra violet light (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) was examined. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and MWNT/resin composite (ME) were exposed to different light sources. After the exposure, the defect density was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. There is a clear indication that UV and VUV light can increase the defect density of untreated CNTs and influence the electrical behaviour.     

轮椅电机传动机构（中轴,齿轮）热处理工艺设计及改进

高精度齿轮高频淬火，选择合适的材料，增加稳定化处理，改善高频加热方法，可有效降低其热加工变形，保证其精度要求。     

电压控制型脉宽调制（PWM）器件电参数的全面测试

介绍了电压控制型PWM器件(以下简称PWM器件)的功能结构及测试难点。提出了该类器件电参数的测试方案及实现方法。基于SP3160Ⅱ大规模混合集成电路测试系统软硬件资源,实现了PWM器件电参数的全面测试。重点阐述了误差放大器测试环路设计及输出驱动器电平测试的新方法。     

高功率热电池用二硫化钴制备及性能测试

对高温硫化法制备的CoS2的组成、形貌和热稳定性进行了表征，并对其作为正极材料在高功率热电池中的应用进行了测试与研究。热稳定性测试结果表明：CoS2有较高的热稳定性，在温度700℃下保持1h仅分解15．6％；高功率热电池应用研究中发现，电池的稳态比功率可达1690W／kg，脉冲比功率高于4700W／kg。     

Thermal conductivity studies of a polyurea cross-linked silica aerogel-RTV 655 compound for cryogenic propellant tank applications in space

Silica-based aerogel is an ideal thermal insulator with a makeup of up to 99% air associated with the highly porous nature of this material. Polyurea cross-linked silica aerogel (PCSA) has superior mechanical properties compared to the native aerogels yet retains the highly porous open pore network and functions as an ideal thermal insulator with added load-bearing capability necessary for some applications. Room temperature vulcanizing rubber-RTV 655—is a space qualified elastomeric thermal insulator and encapsulant with high radiation and temperature tolerance as well as chemical resistance. Storage and transport of cryogenic propellant liquids is an integral part of the success of future space exploratory missions and is an area under constant development. Limitations and shortcomings of current cryogenic tank materials and insulation techniques such as non-uniform insulation layers, self-pressurization, weight and durability issues of the materials used, has motivated the quest for alternative materials. Both RTV 655 and PCSA are promising space qualified materials with unique and tunable microscopic and macroscopic properties making them attractive candidates for this study. In this work, the effect of PCSA geometry and volume concentration on the thermal behavior of RTV 655—PCSA compound material has been investigated at room temperature and at a cryogenic temperature. Macroscopic and microscopic PCSA material was encapsulated at increasing concentrations in an RTV 655 elastomeric matrix. The effect of pulverization on the nanopores of PCSA as a method for creating large quantities of homogeneous PCSA microparticles has also been investigated and is reported. The PCSA volume concentrations ranged between 22% and 75% for both geometries. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed based on the steady state transient plane source method.     

航天用电连接器的外观质量检验

针对目前航天用电连接器外观质量检验时存在的缺陷识别和判定标准不一致问题 ,详细分析和论述了接触件、绝缘体和壳体等主要零件及其装配的成品在生产工艺过程中外观缺陷的产生原因 ,并提出了航天用电连接器外观质量检验依据、方法和判定标准     

基于网格自适应的飞行器防热材料热传导系数辨识

为准确辨识高超声速飞行器防热材料热传导系数，构造了针对热传导偏微分方程系统的约束泛函极值问题，基于表征多项式逼近性能的Weierstrass定理，采用Lagrange多项式对热传导系数进行参数化建模，进而将无穷维的约束泛函极值问题转化为有限维的非线性规划问题，再利用基于动态优化方程的优化方法将此非线性规划问题转化为常微分方程初值问题进行求解。为从较有限的测量数据中准确地“学习”热传导系数，建立采用“过拟合”判别准则的网格自适应迭代算法改善辨识精度。研究表明本文采用的辨识策略与优化方法有效，辨识结果可以较准确地反映材料热传导系数的变化规律。     

导热脂低温热导率的测试研究

导热脂的低温热导率是研究宇航用导热脂的重要参数,“瞬态热线法”是常用的测量方法之一,但受使用条件限制,实际应用中容易产生较大误差。本文提出采用改进的“瞬态热线法”即对标准流体与试样进行测量比对的方法,用于导热脂低温热导率的测量,减小了测试方法的系统误差,因而保证了测量的相对误差小于6％。在测量装置上,采用廉价的康铜丝取代了传统使用的铂丝,设计采用了容易进行拆洗的低温试验装置。文章讨论了影响导热脂低温热导率的因素。提出测量加热时间要在2 s～3 s之内以防止对流,分析了比对状态的误差影响,并给出了两种导热脂低温热导率与温度关系曲线。分析表明本文提出的试验方法可以满足宇航用导热脂研究的需求
     

超声速磁流体加速实验及一维模型分析

为了获得负载系数、电导率等参数变化对超声速磁流体加速效果的影响规律,利用激波风洞,采用氩气与碳酸钾作为工质,电容提供电能的方式,在磁感应强度为0.5T的条件下,进行了不同电容充电电压下的超声速磁流体加速实验研究,并对一维定常理想分段法拉第型磁流体加速模型进行了分析.通过实验获得了不同电容充电电压下#10电极间的电压、电流、负载系数、电导率及#20电极开路电压等数据,在300, 400V电容充电电压下,气流速度分别增加11.4%和24.0%,在500V电容充电电压下气流速度减小11.1%.实验及模型分析得出不同的负载系数会使超声速磁流体处于加速或减速的不同状态,而电导率会影响注入总能量的大小,使磁流体流动的速度梯度大小发生改变.      

Enhanced electrothermal effect of carbon fibrous composites decorated with high conductive carbon nanotube webs

Literature has demonstrated that Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can greatly enhance the electrical conductivity and matrix-dominated mechanical properties of fibrous composites. However, electrothermal coupling effect of CNTs on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) has scarcely been considered. This work prepared and introduced thin and porous CNT webs to the surface or/and interface of a CFRP to enhance its electrothermal properties. The results show that CNT webs can enhance the transverse electrical conductivities of the CFRP by 231%−519% in a current range of 50–150 mA, when compared to the base-CFRP. Also, the surface temperature of CNT webs decorated CFRP can be improved by 20.5–32.3 °C within 3 min showing a self-heating rate of 6.8–10.8 °C/min just with an applied voltage of 20–30 V, increased by 152%−177% when compared to the base-CFRP (2.7–3.9 °C/min). Also, deicing can be finished within 4–10 min with a voltage of 18 V and an input power of 246 W/m². Moreover, the electrothermal processes nearly have no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the CFRP. The relatively low input power and short response time for deicing make the CNT webs decorated CFRP may be a potential new generation for aeronautical deicing structure.