两相湍流的非线性k-ε-kp模型

由两相湍流的代数应力模型，提出一种两相湍流的非线性k-ε-kp模型，可以合理地模拟各向异性较强的旋流，浮力流等两相流动，具备二阶矩模型的优点，又比二阶矩模型简单。文中推导出气相、颗粒相的雷诺应力和两相脉动速度关联的非线性应力应变关系式。这些代数式和两相各自的湍动能k，kp以及两相脉动关联湍动能kpg的方程联立，就构成非线性k-ε-kp模型。本文将该模型用于模拟突扩湍流两相流动，给出两相时均速度场及雷诺应力各分量，并且将模拟结果和PDPA实验数据以及二阶矩模型的模拟结果对照。结果表明，该模型预报各向异性两相湍流的能力和二阶矩模型的能力接近，但是计算量比二阶矩模型的小得多。     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

Flight Flutter Modal Parameters Identification with Atmospheric Turbulence Excitation Based on Wavelet Transformation

针对基于大气紊流激励的飞机颤振试验数据具有信噪比低以及测量数据以加速度响应形式给出等特点,将小波变换与随机减量法相结合对飞机颤振模态参数进行识别,首先利用随机减量法获得结构在非零初始加速度条件下的自由衰减响应,然后对该自由衰减响应进行Morlet连续小波变换,为使变换简单,本文采用了Parseval定理和留数定理,利用Morlet的带通滤波特性,通过搜索小波变换系数在不同的尺度区域内的极大值,再根据小波变换系数的极大值、相角与固有振动频率及阻尼系数间的关系,即可识别出各模态参数。并对利用小波变换识别颤振模态参数时,实现模态解耦应满足的条件进行了分析研究。通过仿真和飞机颤振试验数据分析,验证了该识别方法不仅简单、有效和可行,而且具有较强的抗噪性。     

带有双层壁扩压器的波瓣喷管混合流场的数值计算

采用三维贴体曲线坐标网格,边界网格加密且正交,在整个计算区域进行全场计算。为避免因波瓣造成的网格强烈的非正交引起解的发散,采用了Chen和Kim修正的k-ε湍流模型及同位网格SIMPLC计算方法,对带有双层壁扩压器的波瓣喷管混合流动进行了数值计算和分析。对波瓣及双层壁,采用大粘性的方法解决流固耦合。计算结果表明:在双层壁间有外界冷气流被引射进入,形成了壁面的冷却气流;自波瓣出口截面沿流向产生的环流速度场,强化了主次流的掺混,速度分布渐趋均匀。计算结果与实验数据符合良好,二者在离开波瓣52 mm的混合管内相对主流速度的最大误差为21.65 %。     

高强驻波声场中的湍流

反射端声压级高于140dB以后驻波管中的声流结构会发生明显变化。利用流动显示和LDV（Laser Doppler Velocimetry）技术对该问题进行了实验研究。流动显示结果表明，在160dB左右的高强驻波声场中随着旋涡结构的合并、破裂等现象的出现，声致流动有明显的湍流特性。LDV测量结果显示，随着驻波管中声压级的提高，一些测点的速度频谱明显加宽，出现高频速度脉动，而另一些点的速度频谱则没有显著变化。径向湍流强度测量结果显示，此时管中流动已是复杂的三维结构,而非轴对称的二维结构。     

Effects of TADs on the F region of the mid-latitude ionosphere during an intense geomagnetic storm

Based on observations of two ionosondes at Wuhan and Kokubunji, this paper presents effects of TADs on the daytime mid-latitude ionosphere during the intense geomagnetic storm on March 31, 2001. During a positive ionospheric storm, the start of the enhancement of the foF2 (F2 peak plasma frequency) at Wuhan lags that at Kokubunji by 15 min, which corresponds to the time interval of traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs’) propagation from Kokubunji to Wuhan. Associated with the uplifting of the hmF2 (height of F2 peak) caused by TADs, it is observed by the two ionosondes that the F1 cusp becomes better developed. Therefore, during a geomagnetic storm, TADs originating from the auroral oval may have a strong influence on the shape of the electron density profile in the F1 region ionosphere at middle latitudes. It is highly likely that TADs are responsible for the evolution of the F1 cusp.     

几种常用格式和湍流模型在高速流动中的适用性研究

针对高超声速飞行器中存在的强激波、激波/边界层干扰、分离、湍流等复杂流动现象,对比分析了当前计算流体力学中的主要空间离散格式及湍流模型,发现不同格式对强激波的分辨率基本相同,Roe和LDE(low diffusion E-CUSP(convective upwind split pressure))格式对摩擦因数和传热系数的模拟优于其他格式;S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)一方程湍流模型计算的摩擦因数比k-ωSST(shear stress transport)两方程湍流模型高10%左右,而后者预测的分离区约为前者的2倍,且分离点靠前.     

民用飞机偏航阻尼器的改进设计

飞机机体结构对大气湍流的响应往往会导致不期望的偏航振荡运动,而简单的偏航阻尼器很难改善这种响应.本文以某民用飞机为例,分析了振荡产生的原因,并对偏航阻尼器提出了两种改进的设计方案.通过对比分析,选择了一种能满足工程需求的较为合理的改进方案     

低雷诺数仿生分离流翼型气动特性初探

为了探索适合低雷诺数微型飞行器的翼型形式,基于对自然界鸟类和昆虫滑翔飞行时翅膀形状的观察,设计出一种由前缘削尖平板和后缘圆弧翼型组合而成的仿生分离流翼型。数值研究结果表明,气流在削尖平板的前缘点强制分离,形成大范围低压分离流动,随后在后部圆弧翼上表面再附形成稳定低压涡流区,从而实现较高的气动效率和较强的抵抗大气湍流的能力。上削尖平板可以使流动分离点固定在削尖点。相对于单独平板,仿生分离流翼型的升力系数有大幅提高,迎角为4°时提高了112%。此外,仿生分离流翼型可以在较宽的迎角范围内（4°~20°）保持高升力,但是迎角增加,阻力也快速增大,因此小迎角情况下（小于4°）气动效率更优。      

民用飞机颤振试飞技术研究

为了能够顺利完成ARJ21-700飞机颤振试飞,研究民用运输类飞机颤振试飞的依据与要求,提出民用运输类飞机颤振试飞的测试方法、试飞方法、激励方法和数据处理方法;结合ARJ21-700飞机合格审定试飞进行试飞验证,给出该型飞机颤振特性试飞的符合性验证结果。结果表明:该套方法适合民用运输类飞机合格审定颤振试飞。