扩口孔型预旋喷嘴流动与温降特性

分别对预旋角度为20°的直孔和扩口孔型喷嘴进行了数值模拟和实验测量.计算模型包括仅有进气腔、预旋孔和出气腔的单独模型和在此基础上增加了旋转部分的系统模型;研究内容包括速度场、出气速度、出气角度、流量系数、预旋效率和温降,并对单独模型的孔流量系数进行了实验测量.结果表明流量系数的计算结果与实验结果符合良好,扩口孔的流量系数、预旋效率和温降都比直孔显著增大20％以上.数据还显示由单独模型计算得到的流量系数和预旋效率与由系统模型得到的结果比较接近,根据单独模型的预旋效率而推算出的温降可在一定程度上间接反映预旋系统的温降特性.     

预旋角度对预旋孔流动特性的影响

对预旋角度分别为30°,25°,20°和15°的预旋孔在压比1.1～1.9范围内的流量系数进行了实验测量和数值模拟。研究了压比和预旋角度对预旋孔进出口速度和气流角度、流量系数和预旋效率等参数的影响。流量系数的实验结果与计算结果符合良好,数据显示预旋孔流量系数和预旋效率随压比的增大显著增大。预旋角度的减小使流量系数基本保持不变,而预旋效率由于出气角度的减小而显著增大,最大增幅可达10%。     

Analytical exact solutions for unsteady collisionless plume flows in a vacuum

This paper presents a set of gaskinetic solutions to the problem of unsteady collisionless round plume development: startup and development to a steady flow; steady flow; and shutting down from a steady flow. This can find applications in studying similar transient plume flows from space propulsion devices. Different from many past studies, here we consider the general situation that the average exit gas speed can be larger than zero, and detailed geometry of the nozzle exit radius is included. A fundamental space–velocity–time relation is adopted in this study and it plays a crucial role to obtain the complete flowfield properties of density, velocity, pressure and temperature. This study reveals that there are some internal complementary relations on density and momentum among these three processes. The results involve complex integrations involving factors of time, geometry, and specific speed ratio. Several numerical simulations with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method validate these analytical exact results.     

孔板倒角对平衡型低温流量计工作性能影响的数值分析

平衡型低温流量计可用于低温推进剂的加注、分配、输送等环节,其孔板结构特征是影响流量计性能的关键因素。为了研究孔板倒角对平衡型低温流量计流出系数、压力损失系数和稳定性的影响,建立了基于Mixture多相流模型、Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和Realizable k-ε湍流模型的CFD数值模型,并结合文献中的水翼空化实验和多孔板流动实验的结果验证了模型的可靠性。模拟计算结果显示,开设前倒角会增大多孔板的流出系数,减小压力损失系数,但会增大流量计测量时的不稳定性;在一定的计算工况下,45°的前倒角使流出系数由0.674增大到0.907,适当开设前倒角可以有效提高流量计的工作性能。而开设后倒角对流量计性能的影响较小。用于流体流量的双向测量时,可对多孔板的前后端均开设45°的倒角。     

Experimental study on film cooling performance of imperfect holes

An experimental study is made to investigate the film cooling performance of imperfect holes due to in-hole blockage over a flat plate. A specifically pyramid-shaped element is used to simulate the in-hole blockage. Six in-hole blockage orientations (such as leading-inlet, leading-middle, leading-exit, trailing-inlet, trailing-middle and trailing-exit) and four blocking ratios (ranging from 0.1 to 0.4) are taken into considerations. Based on the experimental results, the influences of in-hole blockage on the film cooling effectiveness and discharge coefficient under typical blowing ratios are analyzed. It is confirmed that the in-hole blockage results in a reduction of discharge coefficient related to the perfect film cooling holes, especially for the leading-exit and trailing-inlet orientations with a big blocking ratio. However, in the view of film cooling effectiveness, the in-hole blockage shows complicated affecting roles. In general, except for the leading-exit orientation, the in-hole blockages produce detrimental influence on the film cooling effectiveness.     

Simulation of temperature distribution and discharge crater of SiCp/Al composites in a single-pulsed arc discharge

SiC_p/Al composites are difficult-to-cut materials. In recent years, electrical arc discharge machining has been developed to improve the machinability of these materials. However, there is a big challenge to build a satisfactory heat transfer model of SiC_p/Al composites in the arc machining. This is not only because of the material property difference between the reinforcement and matrix material but also because of the micro-dimension SiC reinforcements. This paper established a new heat conduction simulation model considering the SiC particle-Al matrix interface and the phase change effects in a single-pulsed arc discharge of SiC_p/Al composites. A novel SiC particle-Al matrix cell geometric model was designed firstly. Then, the temperature distribution at a different depth from the workpiece surface was analyzed, the influence of sic volume fraction on temperature field was studied, and the contribution of the interface thermal resistance and latent heat were explained. To demonstrate the validity of the new numerical model, comparisons and verifications were employed. Finally, the method of improving the model was proposed and the machining mechanism of arc discharge of SiC_p/Al matrix materials was discussed. It was found that high temperature is prone to concentrate on the surface layers of the workpiece especially when the SiC fraction is high, also, the temperature fluctuates respectively at the evaporation point of aluminum and SiC, and the SiC-Al resistance has less influence on temperature distribution compared to latent heat, etc. The model build in this work improves the simulation accuracy observably compared to the previous model, and the simulation work will help to acquire a detailed mechanism of material removal of SiC_p/Al composites in the arc discharge machining.     

基于等离子体的新型燃烧室头部工作特性实验研究

本文设计了一种基于三维旋转滑动弧的航空发动机新型燃烧室头部,该头部可以在保持原有燃烧室结构不变的基础上,实现对燃烧室的点火和助燃。进行了新型燃烧室头部的放电特性实验,分析了稳定电弧滑动(A-G)模式和击穿伴随滑动(B-G)模式两种放电模式的特点。探究了两种放电模式对振动温度的影响,以及空气流量和电压对OH、O2、O3、NO四种粒子光谱发射强度的影响。结果表明,B-G模式电弧的放电功率更大,达到84W,放电模式对振动温度的影响取决于空气流量和电压的变化,而光谱发射强度则是A-G模式大于B-G模式。     

磁零点及通道宽度对霍尔推力器性能影响的数值研究

磁场位形和通道尺度会改变霍尔推力器等离子体放电过程,影响推力器的宏观放电特性。为分析磁场和通道宽度对推力器放电性能的影响规律,本文针对霍尔推力器轴对称通道结构和放电物理过程建立2D3V物理模型,采用粒子模拟方法研究了霍尔推力器磁零点磁场位形不同通道宽度的电势、粒子数密度、电子温度、电离速率、比冲及推功比的变化规律,结果表明：在具有磁零点磁场位形下,随着通道宽度增加,通道出口处电势降增加,加速区缩短,离子径向速度减少,壁面腐蚀降低;当磁零点位置在内壁面,推力器通道宽度由14 mm增加到16 mm时,推力器比冲和推功比增大,推力器放电效率提高;当磁零点位置在通道中轴线或外壁面,且通道宽度大于14 mm时,推力器比冲增大,推功比减小,推力器效率下降。     

基于数值模拟的NSDBD等离子体激励器防冰特性

飞行器表面在一定气象条件下会产生积冰,积冰会使飞行器气动性能下降,是危害飞行安全的重要因素之一。常见的气热及电热防冰系统已经广泛运用于现有飞行器上。近些年,在纳秒脉冲阻挡介质放电（NSDBD）等离子体激励器的相关研究中发现NSDBD等离子体激励器可对周围流场进行快速加热,考虑到这种热效应可能作为飞机防冰的一种新方式。本文用数值方法对NSDBD等离子体激励器防冰特性开展了研究。首先,建立了基于Messinger模型的积冰模型,对典型积冰条件进行了验证计算;其次,耦合唯象学等离子体模型与非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,计算等离子体对空气流场的影响;最后,将NSDBD等离子体激励器布置在NACA0012翼型前缘防冰区,结合积冰模型与唯象学等离子模型,对其防冰特性进行了研究。计算结果表明等离子体加热的热气流会覆盖在翼型表面防冰区。在相同的霜冰条件下,开启等离子体激励器时机翼前缘没有出现积冰,说明等离体子激励器应用于机翼防冰是有效的。针对不同的激励器参数对防冰特性的影响规律进行了研究,总体上防冰效果与峰值电压、激励器频率有关,从防冰效果和能耗方面考量,在给定计算条件下,存在最优电压值和最优激励器频率值。激励器分布方式对防冰特性的影响与其具体流场有关,需要具体分析。     

考夫曼离子推力器放电室数值模拟研究综述及展望

首先分析了影响考夫曼离子推力器放电性能的关键因素,然后按照仿真模型的维度对考夫曼离子推力器放电室数值模拟方法进行了分类综述和优缺点分析,并针对以流体方法为基础的各向异性界面问题进行了分析。在此基础上,概述了零维模型、二维模型和三维模型下针对放电室所取得的数值模拟研究结果。最后对考夫曼离子推力器放电室数值模拟研究进行了总结及展望。