The update of BDS-2 TGD and its impact on positioning

Timing group delay (TGD) is an important parameter that affects the positioning performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) broadcasts TGD corrections from B3I frequency to B1I and B2I frequencies, namely TGD₁ and TGD₂. On July 21, 2017, BDS updated TGD values with a maximum change of more than 4 ns. In this contribution, we explain the motivation for the BDS TGD update, which is due to the systematic bias between narrowly correlated and widely correlated pseudo-ranges in BDS monitoring receivers. To investigate the impact of the updated TGD, BDS signal-in-space range error (SISRE) and user positioning performance regarding single point positioning (SPP) and precise point positioning (PPP) are analyzed. Results show that after the update of TGD, the difference between the new TGD and multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) differential code bias (DCB) decreases from 1.38 ns to 0.29 ns on TGD₁ and from 0.40 ns to 0.25 ns on TGD₂. With the contribution of more accurate TGD, the systematic bias of BDS radial SISRE no longer exists, and the overall BDS SISRE also reduces from 1.33 m to 0.87 m on B1I/B2I frequency, from 1.05 m to 0.89 m on B1I frequency, from 0.92 m to 0.91 m on B2I frequency, respectively, which proves the similar precision of BDS TGD and MGEX DCB. One week of statistical results from 28 globally distributed MGEX stations shows that the SPP performance improves on non-B3I frequencies after the TGD update, with a maximum improvement of more than 22% for the B1I/B2I or B1I/B3I combination. The new TGD mainly reduces SPP positioning bias in the East component. The updated TGD also slightly improves the PPP convergence performance for the B1I/B3I combination, but mostly contributes to a more accurate estimation of the receiver clock and ambiguities.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of ionospheric disturbances for ground based augmentation systems over a midlatitude region

Forcings from above and below the ionosphere can cause disturbances that need to be detected and corrected for navigation systems. Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) are used to give corrections to aircraft navigation systems while landing. These systems use regional ionosphere monitoring algorithms to detect the anomalies in the ionosphere. The aim of this study is to understand occurrence of ionosphere anomalies and their trends over Turkey. A comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal variability of ionosphere is carried out for a midlatitude GPS network using Slant Total Electron Content (STEC). Differential Rate Of TEC (DROT), which is a measure of the amount of deviation of temporal derivative of TEC from its trend, is used to detect and classify the level of such disturbances. The GPS satellite tracks are grouped into north, east, west and over directions. The 24 h is divided into six time intervals. The percentage occurrence of each DROT category and the deviation from STEC trend in magnitude are calculated and grouped into satellite track directions and time intervals for 2010 (low solar activity), 2011 and 2012 (medium solar activity). The highest level of disturbances is observed in north and west directions, and during sunrise and sunset hours. The dominant periods of percentage occurrences are diurnal (22–25 h), semidiurnal (12–13 h) and terdiurnal (8–9 h) followed by quasi two-day and quasi 16-day periods. Disturbances corresponding to 50% < DROT < 70% are mostly visible during low solar activity years with magnitudes from 1 to 2 TECU. Geomagnetic storms can cause aperiodic larger scale disturbances that are mostly correlated with DROT > 70%. In 2012, the magnitude of such disturbances can reach 5 TECU. The anisotropic and dynamic nature of midlatitude ionosphere is reflected in the spatio-temporal and spectral distributions of DROT, and their percentage occurrences. This study serves a basis for future studies about development of a regional ionosphere monitoring for Turkey.     

A real-time ionospheric model based on GNSS Precise Point Positioning

This paper proposes a method of real-time monitoring and modeling the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) by Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Firstly, the ionospheric TEC and receiver’s Differential Code Biases (DCB) are estimated with the undifferenced raw observation in real-time, then the ionospheric TEC model is established based on the Single Layer Model (SLM) assumption and the recovered ionospheric TEC. In this study, phase observations with high precision are directly used instead of phase smoothed code observations. In addition, the DCB estimation is separated from the establishment of the ionospheric model which will limit the impacts of the SLM assumption impacts. The ionospheric model is established at every epoch for real time application. The method is validated with three different GNSS networks on a local, regional, and global basis. The results show that the method is feasible and effective, the real-time ionosphere and DCB results are very consistent with the IGS final products, with a bias of 1–2 TECU and 0.4 ns respectively.     

湿法缠绕用环氧树脂固化反应研究

用简单的ｎ级动力学反应模型模拟高性能湿法成型用的环氧树脂配方的固化反应，利用ＤＳＣ技术检测了其整个固化反应的实际状态，比较了相应的理论预测与实验结果。     

空间飞行器动力学模型的动态反馈线性化

本文研究了空间飞行器非线性动力学模型的线性化问题，利用微分几何方法和反馈线性化理论，本文证明了推力方向相对体系不变，即受有“常方向推力”作用限制的空间飞行器的轨道－姿态耦合非线性动力学模型可用二阶动态补偿器／增广状态反馈／增广状态微分同胚变换实现精确线性化，提出了飞行器动态反馈线性化的分步算法，并给出了实现线性化的状态反馈／微分同胚的具体形式，从而将飞行器控制系统设计问题转化为线性系统问题。     

GPS作为航天器全能敏感器的前景Ⅰ──GPS导航和定姿

本文全面介绍了ＧＰＳ在航天器导航和姿态确定领域应用的现状。首先概述ＧＰＳ的系统组成及其运行现状，接着阐明ＧＰＳ伪距导航的原理，介绍了差分ＧＰＳ导航的发展及目前水平，总结了ＧＰＳ导航的误差源。文中重点介绍了国外在ＧＰＳ定姿这一重要航天应用领域中取得的进展，分析了影响ＧＰＳ定委性能的主要因素──多路径效应、整数模糊解和载噪比，综述了降低或消除上述误差源的各种技术途径，在此基础上给出了ＧＰＳ定姿的性能包络曲线。     

用DE求解最小能量借力飞行问题

提出了一种差分演化算法（DE）以求解最小能量借力飞行问题。分析借力飞行的物理过程,用演化算法给出最小能量借力飞行的优化模型。优化算例表明：该算法结果较文献更优。     

四元数微分方程最小参数解法研究

对一种求解正交矩阵微分方程的三阶最小参数方法进行改造 ,将其用于四元数微分方程求解 ,并对其在捷联惯性导航系统姿态矩阵实时求解中的应用进行了仿真。结果表明 ,其计算精度比经典的三阶Peano Baker数值解法提高 35倍 ,而浮点运算次数则仅为后者的一半 ,对于提高捷联惯性导航系统姿态计算的精度具有重要意义。