北斗三号系统PPP-B2b信号定位服务模型及性能分析

给出了PPP-B2b信号定位的观测模型和随机模型,详细阐述了PPP-B2b增强改正模型和参数估计模型,并进行了静态和动态定位实验。结果表明：对于单系统,在30min的收敛时间内,北斗三号定位精度可以达到水平0.118m(静态)、0.176m(动态),高程0.208m(静态)、0.423m(动态)以内,GPS定位精度可以达到水平0.113m(静态)、0.163m(动态),高程0.206m(静态)、0.377m(动态)以内;对于北斗三号/GPS双系统,在20min的收敛时间内,定位精度可以达到水平0.092m(静态)、0.122m(动态),高程0.158m(静态)、0.312m(动态)以内。无论是收敛性还是定位精度,均能满足北斗三号精密单点定位服务指标的要求。     

First spaceborne demonstration of BeiDou-3 signals for GNSS reflectometry from CYGNSS constellation

The full constellation of Chinese Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) BeiDou-3 has been deployed completely and started fully operational service. In addition to providing global Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) services, the BeiDou-3 satellites transmissions can also be used as the sources of illumination for Earth Observation (EO) with a bistatic radar configuration. This innovative EO concept, known as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), allows to measure the Earth surface characteristics at high resolution via the reflected L-band radar signals collected by a constellation of small, low cost and low Earth orbiting satellites. For the first time in orbit, earth reflected BeiDou-3 signal has been detected from the limited sets of raw data collected by the NASA’s Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) constellation. The feasibility of spaceborne BeiDou-3 reflections on two typical applications, including sea surface wind and flooding inundation detection, has been demonstrated. The methodology and results give new strength to the prospect of new spaceborne GNSS-R instruments and missions, which can make multi-GNSS reflectometry observations available to better capture rapidly changing weather systems at better spatio-temporal scales.     

基于Mn3+浓度和形貌控制的高性能LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料

为了改善高电压镍锰酸锂(LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4)材料的电化学性能,提出利用退火热处理过程调控Mn~(3+)含量和材料形貌来制备LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料。LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料的电性能是材料结构、形貌等多因素影响的结果。退火热处理有助于Mn~(3+)氧化成Mn~(4+),实现Mn~(3+)含量调控。退火后材料的空间结构由Fd3m向P4_332转变,且具有微米级多面体形貌,有效提高了循环稳定性和放电平台。研究表明:700℃退火保温15 h合成的材料在20 C下具有118 mAh·g~(-1)放电比容量,循环100次容量保持率提高到92.8%。因此,通过优化Mn~(3+)含量、控制材料形貌可以实现高性能LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料制备。     

Periodic attitude motions along planar orbits in the elliptic restricted three-body problem

A way to improve the accuracy of the three-body problem model is taking into account the eccentricity of primary attractors. Elliptic Restricted Three-Body Problem (ER3BP) is a model for studying spacecraft trajectory within the three-body problem such that the orbital eccentricity of primaries is reflected in it. As the principal cause of perturbation in the employed dynamical model, the primaries eccentricity changes the structure of orbits compared to the ideal Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP). It also changes the attitude behavior of a spacecraft revolving along periodic orbits in this regime. In this paper, the coupled orbit-attitude dynamics of a spacecraft in the ER3BP are exploited to find precise periodic solutions as the spacecraft is considered to be in planar orbits around Lagrangian points and Distant Retrograde Orbits (DRO). Periodic solutions are repetitious behaviors in which spacecraft whole dynamics are repeated periodically, these periodic behaviors are the main interest of this study because they are beneficial for future mission designs and allow delineation of the system’s governing dynamics. Previous studies laid the foundation for spacecraft stability analysis or studying pitch motion of spacecraft in the ER3BP regime. While in this paper, at first, initial guesses for correction algorithms were derived through verified search methods, then correction algorithms were used to refine calculated orbit-attitude periodic behaviors. Periodic orbits and full periodic solutions are portrayed and compared to previous studies and simpler models. Natural periodic solutions are valuable information eventuate in the longer functional lifetime of spacecraft. Since the problem assumption considered in this paper is much closer to real mission conditions, these results may be the means to use natural bounded motions in the actual operational environment.     

低轨卫星的北斗反射信号海洋覆盖分析

北斗系统作为我国自行研制的导航系统，具有独特的混合星座特性，其反射事件在海洋上的空间分布和覆盖性能的研究成果较少。针对上述问题，模拟了北斗三号（Beidou System 3，BDS3）以及全球定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS）空间星座，模拟不同性能参数的低轨接收卫星，在此仿真系统的基础上，计算反射事件在各仿真场景下的海洋覆盖率以及同时发生反射事件的卫星数量。结果表明：BDS3与GPS相比具有更大的反射事件海洋覆盖率，覆盖性能更优；仿真周期7天与1天相比,前者卫星产生的反射事件海洋覆盖率约为后者5倍；低轨道卫星（Low Earth Orbit,LEO）轨道高度越高，天线波束角度越大，反射事件海洋覆盖率越大；3颗LEO卫星下同时发生反射事件卫星数的平均值约为单颗LEO卫星的3倍。可通过设计多星组网来提高反射事件海洋覆盖率。研究结果对星载反射技术海洋遥感应用方面有一定的参考价值。     

Inter-satellite calibration of FengYun 3 medium energy electron fluxes with POES electron measurements

We perform an L-shell dependent inter-satellite calibration of FengYun 3 medium energy electron measurements with POES measurements based on rough orbital conjunctions within 5?min?×?0.1?L?×?0.5 MLT. By comparing electron flux data between the U.S. Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) and Chinese sun-synchronous satellites including FY-3B and FY-3C for a whole year of 2014, we attempt to remove less reliable data and evaluate systematic uncertainties associated with the FY-3B and FY-3C datasets, expecting to quantify the inter-satellite calibration factors for the 150–350?keV energy channel at L?=?2–7. Compared to the POES data, the FY-3B and FY-3C data generally exhibit a similar trend of electron flux variations but more or less underestimate them within a factor of 5 for the medium electron energy 150–350?keV channel. Good consistency in the flux conjunctions after the inter-calibration procedures gives us certain confidence to generalize our method to calibrate electron flux measurements from various satellite instruments.     

Evaluating the statistical performance of less applied algorithms in classification of worldview-3 imagery data in an urbanized landscape

In recent decade, analyzing the remotely sensed imagery is considered as one of the most common and widely used procedures in the environmental studies. In this case, supervised image classification techniques play a central role. Hence, taking a high resolution Worldview-3 over a mixed urbanized landscape in Iran, three less applied image classification methods including Bagged CART, Stochastic gradient boosting model and Neural network with feature extraction were tested and compared with two prevalent methods: random forest and support vector machine with linear kernel. To do so, each method was run ten time and three validation techniques was used to estimate the accuracy statistics consist of cross validation, independent validation and validation with total of train data. Moreover, using ANOVA and Tukey test, statistical difference significance between the classification methods was significantly surveyed. In general, the results showed that random forest with marginal difference compared to Bagged CART and stochastic gradient boosting model is the best performing method whilst based on independent validation there was no significant difference between the performances of classification methods. It should be finally noted that neural network with feature extraction and linear support vector machine had better processing speed than other.     

Regolith-derived ferrosilicon as a potential feedstock material for wire-based additive manufacturing

Ferrosilicon is a primary metallic alloy produced during the reduction of metal oxides contained in lunar and Martian regolith by a variety of techniques. This study examines the usefulness of ferrosilicon as a candidate feedstock material for wire-based 3D printers designed for in-space manufacturing. Alloys of composition ranging from pure iron to 12?wt% Si were synthesized and their electrical and mechanical properties characterized. The melts were cast into rods for mechanical testing to determine ultimate strength and ductility. It was determined that the samples above 3?wt% Si were too brittle to be pulled into wire and ruptured at low strain values. The 3?wt% Si sample and iron had comparable mechanical properties relative to samples of higher silicon content but with differences in ductility and ultimate strength. Microstructure and compositional studies revealed the differences between the ductile and brittle samples as being the complete ferrite phase presence on the iron and low-Si content samples. This study establishes an upper limit on the Si content at 3?wt% in ferrosilicon materials to be used in wire feedstock in additive manufacturing for in-space applications.     

Estimation of differential code biases with Jason-2/3 onboard GPS observations

With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, the estimation of differential code biases (DCBs) based on GNSS observations from LEO has gained increasing attention. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the spherical symmetry ionosphere assumption (SSIA), in which a uniform electron density is assumed in a thick shell. In this study, we propose an approach (named the SHLEO method) to simultaneously estimate the satellite and LEO onboard receiver DCBs by modeling the distribution of the global plasmaspheric total electron content (PTEC) above the satellite orbit with a spherical harmonic (SH) function. Compared to the commonly used SSIA method, the SHLEO model improves the GPS satellite DCB estimation accuracy by 13.46% and the stability by 22.34%, respectively. Compared to the GPS satellite DCBs estimated based on the Jason-3-only observations, the accuracy and monthly stability of the satellite DCBs can be improved by 14.42% and 26.8% when both Jason-2 and Jason-3 onboard observations are jointly processed. Compared with the Jason-2 solutions, the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations have an improved consistency of better than 18.26% and 9.71% with the products provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Taking the DCB products provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as references, there is no improvement in accuracy of the GPS satellite DCB estimates based on the fusion of Jason-2 and Jason-3 observations than the Jason-2 solutions alone. A periodic variation is found in the time series of both the Jason-3 and Jason-2 onboard receiver DCB estimates. Preliminary analysis of the PTEC distribution based on the estimated SH coefficients are also presented.     

Comparison of RO tropopause height based on different tropopause determination methods

The tropopause is an important boundary in the Earth’s atmosphere, and has been the subject of close attention from atmosphere and climate researchers. To monitor the global tropopause using radio occultation (RO) data, there are two primary methods, one is the widely used temperature lapse rate method, and the other is the bending angle covariance transform method which is unique to RO data. We use FengYun3-C (FY3C) and Meteorological Operational Satellite Program (MetOp) RO data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis data to determine differences in RO tropopause height calculated by these two methods. We compute biases of the RO lapse rate tropopause height (LRTH) and the RO bending angle tropopause height (BATH) relative to the ECMWF LRTH. The dependences of the tropopause height biases on tropopause height (TPH) retrieval method, latitude, season and RO mission are investigated. The results indicate that BATH show a consistent 0.8–1.2 km positive bias over the tropics and high latitude regions compared with LRTH, however, over 25° to 40° latitude in both hemisphere, BATH results are less stable. Furthermore, the mean bias between BATH and LRTH displayed a different symmetrical characteristic from 2017.12 to 2018.2 (DJF) compared to 2018.6–2018.8 (JJA). However, except for some bias over Antarctica, the mean value of both LRTH and BATH show a similar tropopause variation, indicating the consistency of both methods.