The IGY and beyond: A brief history of ground-based cosmic-ray detectors

The state of art of ground-based cosmic-ray research from its discovery to present is reviewed. After discovery of cosmic rays by Hess in 1912, the nature of the primary and secondary radiation was established from recordings by a variety of instruments, sensitive to various components of cosmic rays and operated at different latitudes, longitudes and altitudes, including instruments carried by balloons. The IGY formalized international co-operation and coordinated study of cosmic rays, which is vital for meaningful interpretation of cosmic-ray data. Data collected at different geographic locations require an effective cutoff rigidity as a data ordering parameter. This parameter is obtained from tracing trajectories of primary cosmic rays in the Earth’s magnetic field. After 50 years the world’s neutron monitor network remains still the backbone for studying intensity variations of primary cosmic rays in the rigidity ranges between 1 and 15 GV, associated with transport and with transient events. Also the penetrating muon and neutrino components of secondary cosmic rays have a long history of recording and fundamental problem investigations. Valuable data about composition and spectrum of primary cosmic rays in ever increasing high-energy regions have been obtained during the years of investigations with various configurations and types of extensive air shower detectors. The culture of personal involvement of the physicist in carrying out experiments and data acquisition characterized the continued vitality of cosmic-ray investigations ranging from its atmospheric, geomagnetic and heliospheric transport through to its solar and astrophysical origins.     

论中英文姓名的源流及其文化差异

姓名是一种指代符号,它是人们藉以相互区别的标志。姓名同时又是一种特殊的语言文化现象,它的产生源于氏族、家族或民族共生的文化心理,有其深刻的历史背景。不同民族之间的姓名源流不同,内容与形式也有很大差异。本文从中英文化的不同角度,论述中英文姓名在起源、形式及其功能等方面的差异。     

高职高专院校校园文化内涵的探讨

高职高专校园文化具有职业性、实践性、服务性和创业性等不同于普通高校和中专技校的文化特征,其主要内容包括精神文化、物质文化和制度文化（性质）,学生文化、教师文化和管理者文化（行为主体）,课堂文化、课外文化、宿舍文化、社团文化和仪表文化（组成部分）几个方面。     

浅析体育与舞蹈

通过采用文献资料分析法探讨了体育和舞蹈的起源,以及二者之间的关系。阐述了体育和舞蹈作为两个有着不同目的任务（“强身”与“显志”）的学科,二者发展存在着相辅相成、互相借鉴、互相吸收的关系。舞蹈使体育更加完善,体育丰富了舞蹈的创造内容。     

STABC-IR: An air target intention recognition method based on bidirectional gated recurrent unit and conditional random field with space-time attention mechanism

The battlefield environment is changing rapidly, and fast and accurate identification of the tactical intention of enemy targets is an important condition for gaining a decision-making advantage. The current Intention Recognition (IR) method for air targets has shortcomings in temporality, interpretability and back-and-forth dependency of intentions. To address these problems, this paper designs a novel air target intention recognition method named STABC-IR, which is based on Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) and Conditional Random Field (CRF) with Space-Time Attention mechanism (STA). First, the problem of intention recognition of air targets is described and analyzed in detail. Then, a temporal network based on BiGRU is constructed to achieve the temporal requirement. Subsequently, STA is proposed to focus on the key parts of the features and timing information to meet certain interpretability requirements while strengthening the timing requirements. Finally, an intention transformation network based on CRF is proposed to solve the back-and-forth dependency and transformation problem by jointly modeling the tactical intention of the target at each moment. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the jointly trained STABC-IR model can reach 95.7%, which is higher than other latest intention recognition methods. STABC-IR solves the problem of intention transformation for the first time and considers both temporality and interpretability, which is important for improving the tactical intention recognition capability and has reference value for the construction of command and control auxiliary decision-making system.