镍基单晶蠕变研究：试验、机理及本构模型

本文为镍基单晶合金高温蠕变建模研究工作的第一部分,通过对DD6镍基单晶合金不同中断时间的高温蠕变试验及透射电镜（TEM）观察,结合单晶合金蠕变机理的研究成果阐明了单晶高温蠕变的机理,并从Orowan方程出发,在晶体塑性理论框架下建立描述晶体滑移系上位错演化规律的方程,发展了以位错密度变化表征镍基单晶高温蠕变的本构模型。该模型考虑了较宽温度与载荷范围内单晶的主要蠕变机理,可较好地建模750℃～1100℃范围内镍基单晶的各向异性蠕变行为。     

DD3单晶高温合金慢拉伸断裂行为的研究

研究了镍基单晶高温合金ＤＤ３在五种不同温度下的慢拉伸（拉伸速率为０．０５ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ）的断裂行为。试验结果表明：杨氏模量在室温与８７３Ｋ之间具有反常变化，在８７３Ｋ以上ＤＤ３的弹性模量与温度关系具有正常变化；ＤＤ３单晶高温合金的屈服强度在室温和１０３３Ｋ（极点温度）之间保持不变，在１０３３Ｋ以上，屈服强度随温度升高急剧下降；在极点温度处ＤＤ３的延伸率最差；扫描电镜观察表明：从室温一直到１０３３Ｋ在ＤＤ３的拉伸变形过程中开动的滑移系具有强烈的择优性，从而导致变形的不均匀及断口上断面较平整。ＤＤ３的拉伸断裂在微观上主要呈现韧性断裂特征。     

时间序列分析在周跳探测与修复中的应用

周跳是GPS载波相位测量数据处理中必须解决的关键问题,为了获得高精度的导航定位结果,必须对其进行快速准确地探测与修复。分析了周跳产生的原因及其特点,结合时间序列分析理论,提出了一种新的周跳探测与修复方法。首先对载波相位测量数据进行四次差分处理;然后建立了载波相位测量数据的加权预测模型,并给出了权值计算方法;最后通过对比载波相位预测值与实际测量值的大小来探测与修复周跳。利用实际数据验证表明：新方法适用于单频接收机,可以对3周以上的周跳进行准确探测与修复。     

配合间隙对涡轮叶片榫头/榫槽接触的影响

采用率相关晶体塑性滑移理论模型,考虑镍基单晶的晶体取向和涡轮盘/片配合间隙的影响,针对涡轮叶片榫头/榫槽的复杂接触状况,研究了温度梯度载荷和离心载荷作用下三种取向的接触应力和低周疲劳损伤。结果表明:当榫头/榫槽的配合间隙小于3.7μm时,榫头/榫槽的接触应力随间隙值突变比较明显;而间隙值大于5.4μm时影响较小。接触应力和低周疲劳寿命对第一齿间隙值比较敏感,随间隙值的波动变化范围较大;第二齿的间隙对接触应力影响也较大,但对疲劳寿命的影响只在较小间隙值下较为明显。晶体取向对榫头/榫槽接触低周疲劳寿命有比较显著的影响,表现出明显的疲劳性能各向异性。     

Interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau from C-band InSAR observations between 2003 and 2010

InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an active fault belt, even for zones with heavy vegetation coverage. An interseismic deformation map across the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau, ∼300 km by ∼100 km, is derived from C-band Envisat/ASAR imagery collected between 2003 and 2010. Unlike previous research, we obtain a lookup figure which relates the slip rate with the fault locking depth, the dip angle and the rake angle. The estimated slip rate changes significantly with the locking depth and the rake angle, but relatively little with the dip angle. When considering the focal mechanism solutions of historical earthquake along the Garze–Yushu fault, the interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault is close to a value of 6.4 mm/yr, which is between the highest (18.2 mm/yr) and the lowest (3.1 mm/yr) slip rate from GPS estimations, but slightly less than the minimum value (∼ 7 mm/yr) from the geological estimations. The earthquake recurrence interval on the Yushu part of Garze–Yushu fault equals 272 yr, and the April 14, 2010 Mw 6.9 earthquake has not completely released the accumulated strain energy between 1738 and 2010.     

硅液相外延生长的晶向自动偏离现象

通过对液相外延的薄膜Ｘ衍射测试，结果显示不论衬底是否偏离［１１１］晶向，外延层在同一衍射位置都出现了双峰。经比较分析，确认了硅（１１１）面在液相外延生长时存在晶向自动偏转现象。     

稀薄效应对可倾瓦动压气体轴承性能的影响

以微型三可倾瓦动压气体轴承为研究对象,采用连续模型、一阶滑移模型和WU新滑移模型速度边界条件,建立考虑稀薄效应的滑移修正雷诺方程。结合牛顿迭代法和有限差分法求解修正雷诺方程,计算考虑稀薄效应的三可倾瓦动压气体轴承各瓦块压力分布和承载力。计算结果表明:三可倾瓦动压气体轴承偏心率越大,转速越大,压缩系数越大,轴承承载力越大;考虑稀薄效应后,计算出的可倾瓦动压气体轴承承载力明显下降,且随着克努森数的增大,WU新滑移模型计算得到的承载力明显低于一阶滑移模型。     

ZSGH4169合金细观力学行为的数值模拟

基于晶体塑性本构理论,利用多晶代表性单元从细观尺度研究了ZSGH4169合金在650℃条件下考虑双轴应力状态的循环应力应变行为.计算结果表明:该合金在双轴拉伸应力控制下存在与低周疲劳试验常用的单轴应力状态一致的棘轮效应.对两种应力状态下的结果进行对比发现,在1150MPa应力单轴循环载荷下初始循环残余应变比双轴应力状态高出3倍,且双轴应力状态下最终循环稳定,残余应变约为1.2%,但在单轴应力状态下是不稳定的.对应力和塑性应变累积不均匀性的分析表明:单轴和双轴拉伸状态下,虽然应力和应变分布的不均匀性都随着循环数的增加而增加,但单轴拉伸状态下平均应力随循环数增加,而双轴拉伸状态下几乎为常数.      

气膜孔倾角角度对单晶高温合金疲劳性能的影响(“两机”专刊)

为了研究气膜孔倾角角度对单晶高温合金疲劳性能的影响,设计倾角30°,45°,90°的14孔平板试样进行了同等应力水平下的高温疲劳试验,并对断裂后失效试件进行断口分析。基于晶体塑性理论,对不同倾角气膜孔平板件进行数值计算,分析孔边局部应力及损伤演化。结果表明,气膜孔倾角角度对疲劳性能影响显著,疲劳寿命90°>30°>45°,且45°倾角气膜孔孔边裂纹数明显多于其他两种。数值模拟显示,90°孔每个循环累积的应变相对较小,30°斜孔次之,45°斜孔最大,且 45°斜孔和 30°斜孔的棘轮应变累积速率明显高于直孔,30°斜孔的损伤和直孔的损伤较为接近,45°斜孔的损伤最大,数值分析与实验结果相一致。     

Stress-controlled LCF experiments and ratcheting behaviour simulation of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation

Uniaxial ratcheting behaviour and low cycle fatigue (LCF) failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD6 with [001] orientation are investigated through the stress-controlled LCF tests with stress ratio of −1. Then the deformation behaviour during the whole-lifetime from the beginning of the experiment to the fracture of the specimen, as well as the fractographic/metallographic morphology, are compared with the strain-controlled LCF experimental results. Through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is shown that the failure characteristics under stress-controlled LCF loading are similar with those under strain-controlled loading. Nevertheless, unlike strain-controlled LCF loading, even under fully reversed cycle loading for stress-controlled LCF, DD6 shows significant ratcheting behaviour due to the tension-compression asymmetry. In addition, the LCF lifetimes under stress control are significantly shorter than the LCF lifetimes under strain control, and the culprit might be the detrimental effect of ratcheting strain on LCF lifetime. Based on these phenomena, an improved crystal plasticity constitutive model on the basis of slip-based Walker constitutive model is developed through modifying the kinematic hardening rule in order to overcome the inaccurate prediction of decelerating stage and stable stage of ratcheting behaviour. Furthermore, combining the continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled crystal plasticity constitutive model is proposed to reflect the damage behaviour of DD6 and the accelerating stage of ratcheting behaviour. The simulation results for the stress-controlled LCF deformation behaviour including the whole-lifetime ratcheting behaviour show good agreement with the experimental data.