Electric discharge in the Martian atmosphere,Paschen curves and implications for future missions

Electric discharge between two electrically charged surfaces occurs at a well-defined, gas-dependent combination of atmospheric pressure and the distance between those two surfaces, as described by Paschen’s law. The understanding of when the discharge will occur in the conditions present on Mars is essential for designing space-flight hardware that will operate on the Martian surface as well as understanding electrical discharge processes occurring in the Martian atmosphere. Here, we present experimentally measured Paschen curves for a gas mixture representative of the Martian atmosphere and compare our results to breakdown voltages of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium as measured with our system and from the literature. We will discuss possible implications for instrument development as well as implications for processes in the Martian atmosphere. The DC voltage at which electric discharge occurred between two stainless steel spheres was measured at pressures from 10⁻² to 100 torr in all gases. We measured a minimum voltage for discharge in the Mars ambient atmosphere of 410 ± 10 V at 0.3 torr cm. As an application, the breakdown properties of space-qualified, electrical wires to be used in the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) were studied.     

鸭式旋翼/机翼飞行器转换末段气动特性

采用数值模拟方法研究鸭式旋翼/机翼(CRW,Canard Rotor/Wing)飞行器在转换过程末段,旋翼转速极低时全机气动特性变化规律及其产生原因.给出了旋翼旋转一周时,全机气动力、气动力矩、焦点位置变化规律,对此布局形式,转换过程末段全机升力、阻力变化幅度可达10.7%,3.7%,焦点可移动0.6 m.研究显示:旋翼处于前后不对称流场及旋翼处于不同方位角时对机体的不对称干扰是气动力与气动力矩变化原因,旋翼与平尾升力线斜率变化、旋翼自身焦点位置变化导致了全机焦点移动.      

持续载荷飞行模拟器过失速机动过载模拟

对新型的持续载荷飞行模拟器(SGFS,Sustained G-load Flight Simulator)模拟过失速机动过载的方法进行了研究.针对过失速机动中飞机角运动剧烈的特点,推导了考虑飞机转动带来的附加过载的飞机飞行员过载计算公式.在SGFS过载模拟数学模型中应用此公式,以典型的过失速机动动作.Herbst机动为例,对机动时的飞行员过载进行了仿真研究.仿真中SGFS能够较精确地跟踪输入的飞行员三轴过载指令,最大误差小于0.2g.研究结果表明:过失速机动时飞机转动引起的附加过载不可忽略,同时也表明SGFS可较好地用于对过失速机动飞行员过载的模拟.     

编队卫星空间状态与星间基线的建模与分析

针对编队卫星任务中起重要作用的星间基线指标,在考虑精度需求的基础上对用于确定星间基线的空间状态量进行了选择,建立了空间状态量与星间基线的关联数学模型,提供了误差分析方法,仿真给出了一定场景设置下的精度影响因子等指标以定量刻画二者之间的误差传播关系。基线长度仅与编队卫星的相对空间状态有关,而基线姿态角还与主星的绝对姿态有关;且由卫星空间状态得到星间基线的过程中误差放大。     

碟形飞行器纵向飞行品质

碟形飞行器是一种新颖的,采用翼身融合布局的飞行器.应用经典飞行动力学理论的线性化小扰动方法对碟形飞行器在低速条件下的纵向稳定特性进行了仿真计算,采用时域分析的方法对其纵向模态进行了分析,得到了碟形飞行器的纵向飞行品质状况,并进行了试飞验证.同时将碟形飞行器同常规布局飞机和飞翼飞机的特性做了简要的对比,分析了碟形飞行器同二者的异同之处和产生的原因.研究结果表明,碟形飞行器纵向模态稳定,具有良好的纵向飞行品质和综合性能.      

Leaf proteomic analysis of three rice heritable mutants after seed space flight

To explore the proteomic changes of heritable variant rice plants induced by space environment, three mutants were selected after seed space flight by comparing the phenotypes with their on-ground controls. R955 grew more tillers and became dwarf, 971-5 acquired higher grain yield and better stress resistance, 974-5 matured earlier. Leaf proteins were extracted during the tiller development and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). More than 300 proteins were detected as reproducible Coomassie Brilliant Blue stained spots with pI values from around 4.0 to 7.0. Five proteins that changed significantly over the controls were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The main functions of these proteins were photosynthesis, stress defense and metabolism including RuBisCO activase, glycine rich RNA binding protein, peroxidase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which might be probably associated with the altered phenotypes. Quantitative analyses were also applied: less total protein spots and more down-regulated protein spots were detected in the mutants, indicating there might be a major loss of protein in heritable variant rice plants after seed space flight. These results may provide new insights to understand the biological effects of space environment to rice.     

多操纵面飞机综合重构飞行控制方法

为提高飞机飞行安全性能,将被动重构控制与主动重构控制相结合,提出了一种综合重构飞行控制系统设计方法.采用轨迹线性化控制方法进行飞行控制律设计,使系统具有较强的鲁棒性.针对多操纵面飞机,提出面向故障的操纵面管理概念,通过基排序最优控制分配方法以基底的形式对操纵面进行重新组合,并按照期望控制目标进行排序,实现在操纵面故障下的控制重构.仿真结果表明,该控制系统能有效处理各种典型操纵面故障,在操纵面发生故障时仍能快速跟踪控制指令,保证较好的飞行性能.     

Von Karman模型三维大气紊流仿真理论与方法

基于三维紊流场相关函数矩阵,用蒙特卡罗法仿真生成Von Karman模型三维空间大气紊流场,实现了对复杂的Von Karman模型的精确推导和应用,仿真流场的相关特性在理论上可以任意逼近Von Karman理论模型.通过提高白噪声序列的白化程度及优化蒙特卡罗算法的方法提高了仿真精度和效率.数值仿真结果证明:所生成的空间大气紊流场符合模型特性,具有较好的统计特性和仿真精度,满足实时飞行仿真对紊流场数据的要求.     

飞行器网络控制系统在线故障检测算法

针对飞行器网络控制系统具有网络诱导时延且采样周期较短的情况,提出了一种飞行器网络控制系统在线故障检测算法.考虑未知时延对网络控制系统的影响,建立飞行器网络化控制系统故障检测模型.基于此模型,构造了残差生成器,将故障检测问题转化为最小化优化问题.以矩阵Moore-Penrose逆的形式给出该最小化优化问题的解,在每个采样周期内进行飞行器网络控制系统在线故障检测.数值算例表明:当飞行器网络控制系统存在未知时延时,该故障检测算法对故障敏感,同时对未知时延引起的扰动具有鲁棒性.     

电动直升机飞行性能计算和分析

在传统直升机飞行性能计算方法的基础上,结合电动系统的特性和直升机总体设计的特点,提出了电动直升机主要飞行性能的算法,并分析了电动系统特性参数和直升机气动布局、总体参数等变量对飞行性能的影响.以某小型无人直升机为例,计算和比较了该机电动化改装前后的主要飞行性能.算例结果和分析表明:相对于油动直升机,电动直升机受目前电动系统技术的限制,其续航时间和航程较短,但升限较高;微小型直升机的电动化比轻中型直升机更具有优势和潜力.该算法适用于电动直升机的总体设计和参数选择,也可为油动直升机的电动化改装提供一定的理论指导.