Case study of inclined sporadic E layers in the Earth’s ionosphere observed by CHAMP/GPS radio occultations: Coupling between the tilted plasma layers and internal waves

We have used the radio occultation (RO) satellite data CHAMP/GPS (Challenging Minisatellite Payload/Global Positioning System) for studying the ionosphere of the Earth. A method for deriving the parameters of ionospheric structures is based upon an analysis of the RO signal variations in the phase path and intensity. This method allows one to estimate the spatial displacement of a plasma layer with respect to the ray perigee, and to determine the layer inclination and height correction values. In this paper, we focus on the case study of inclined sporadic E (E_s) layers in the high-latitude ionosphere based on available CHAMP RO data. Assuming that the internal gravity waves (IGWs) with the phase-fronts parallel to the ionization layer surfaces are responsible for the tilt angles of sporadic plasma layers, we have developed a new technique for determining the parameters of IGWs linked with the inclined E_s structures. A small-scale internal wave may be modulating initially horizontal E_s layer in height and causing a direction of the plasma density gradient to be rotated and aligned with that of the wave propagation vector k. The results of determination of the intrinsic wave frequency and period, vertical and horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic vertical and horizontal phase speeds, and other characteristics of IGWs under study are presented and discussed.     

Diurnal and seasonal variations in long-term changes in the E-layer critical frequency

Long-term changes in the E-layer critical frequency, foE, at three stations of the European region (Juliusruh, Slough and Rome) and also at Moscow and Wakkanai stations are analyzed by the method developed by the authors and described in detail in the previous papers. It is found that Juliusruh and Slough stations demonstrate a well-pronounced change in foE (a trend) during two previous decades. At the same time, the same features of the behavior of the aforementioned trend k(foE) are obtained. The trend is positive and negative in the morning and evening hours, respectively. Similar diurnal behavior of k(foE) is found also for Moscow station but with lower absolute values of the trends. A well-pronounced seasonal behavior of k(foE) is detected at Juliusruh and Slough: the trend is minimal and maximal in the summer period and at the end of fall—beginning of winter, respectively. The maximal amplitude in the morning hours reaches +0.04?MHz per year, whereas the minimal amplitude in evening hours is ?0.06?MHz per year. No systematic changes exceeding by the magnitude 0.01?MHz per year are found for Rome and Wakkanai stations. It is assumed that the observed trends are related to changes (trends) in the meridional wind bringing NO molecules from the auroral oval to lower latitudes.     

斜激波极值规律的边界层影响

采用边界层理论与斜激波/膨胀波精确算法,建立一种结合Eckert参考温度法和Illingworth-Stewartson变换法优势的边界层权重算法,用于研究超声速黏性楔面边界层位移厚度对斜激波极值规律的影响。分别应用层流Navier-Stokes方程和湍流Navier-Stokes方程的CFD解算器对边界层新模型进行了算例精度评估。在来流马赫数为1.2~2.4和楔面角为3°~20°的范围内,压强比的相对误差小于0.1%。计入层流与湍流边界层影响的理论模型研究表明,边界层影响使得最优马赫数增加;对于层流边界层,最优马赫数增量约为0.001 5~0.003 3;对于湍流边界层,最优马赫数增量约为0.002 8~0.006 1。     

Streamwise vortex generation by the rod

The technology development related to aerodynamics is leading to ever increasing loads of wings, airfoils and turbine and compressor blades. The increase in aerodynamic forces is often leading to flow separation and depreciation of the aerodynamic performance of flying objects or propulsion systems. Flow control methods are required to avoid these negative effects. In the recent two decades the flow control by means of air-jet vortex generators has been also intensively investigated. In this method a streamwise vortex is introduced by an oblique jet. The necessity to supply air by a pipe system may be considered a disadvantage. In order to eliminate this feature, it has been proposed to put out a rod instead of a jet. It has been shown that the application of a rod can introduce the same effect as a jet, as long as the streamwise vortex generation is concerned and appropriate dimensions are used. The present paper focuses on the influence of rod vortex generators on a flow pattern downstream. The results presented here concern experimental and numerical investigations and provide guidelines for the design of a new flow control method dedicated mainly to external flows.     

空间互联网应用的三层交换技术探讨及软实现

三层交换技术是运用现有路由技术和交换技术两者的优势,并将其有机地结合,很好地解决了网络路由器的瓶颈问题。文章提出基于Linux操作系统实现纯软件三层交换机,通过Linux网桥实现二层交换,使用开源软件Zebra进行三层路由,并且将二者有机地结合,使其实现＂一次路由,多次交换＂。最后,对软三层交换机的连通性及传输速率进行了实验验证与详细分析。     

Numerical investigation of the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics using the commercial-code FLUENT. The asymmetry of fuel injection is examined by changing the fuel flow rates of the upper and lower wall fuel injectors. The numerical approach solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, supplemented with a k-ω model of turbulence. As a result, different ways of fuel injections will always lead to shock train transitions, with the variations of shock train structure, strength and leading edge position. For symmetric fuel injection, the flowfield of the isolator is quite asymmetric with the boundary layer of the upper wall side developing much stronger than that of the lower wall, which is due to the heterogeneity of the incoming flow. Regarding to asymmetric fuel injection with more of lower wall side, though the pressures in the combustor are nearly the same, the first shock of the shock train converts between ‘Distinct symmetric X type shock’ and ‘Obscure and weaker asymmetric shock’ and the shock train leading edge moves upstream with the increase of the asymmetry level. With regard to asymmetric fuel injection with more of upper wall side, ‘incomplete asymmetric X type shock’ occurs and the shock train structures keep nearly the same with low level of fuel injection asymmetry. Unexpected results like unstart will happen when increasing the level of fuel injection asymmetry. And the isolator will come back to normal state by decreasing the differential of upper and lower wall sides fuel injections.     

尾缘锯齿降低叶栅噪声的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟与声类比的方法研究了尾缘锯齿对涡轮叶栅噪声的影响.设计了两种不同的尾缘锯齿,对比了Re=3.3×105(基于叶片弦长与叶栅出口速度)下两种不同结构锯齿尾缘叶栅与直尾缘叶栅的声功率.结果表明:尾缘锯齿可以降低叶片吸力面边界层分离噪声约5dB,降低尾缘涡脱落噪声约10dB.进一步的研究表明,尾缘锯齿可以降低叶片尾缘附近表面的压力脉动幅值约50%,将展向相关尺度较大的涡破碎成展向相关尺度较小的涡,并消除尾缘脱落涡,这三者的综合作用使噪声得到降低.      

前缘钝化和化学非平衡效应对斜爆震发动机进气道特性的影响

为了探究前缘钝化、化学非平衡效应对斜爆震发动机进气道的工作性能及出口温度边界层分布的影响,采用热完全气体、化学非平衡气体两种模型对不同顶板、唇口前缘钝化半径下斜爆震发动机进气道进行数值模拟,结果表明：相比基准进气道,钝化后进气道上壁面温度边界层厚度较大,下壁面温度边界层厚度较小;在化学非平衡气体模型下,顶板前缘钝化半径(R1)>2mm时进气道的顶板附近和分离区内离解反应较为明显,唇口前缘钝化半径(R2)>2mm时进气道的唇罩、唇口板附近离解反应较为明显;当钝化半径≥4mm时,两种气体模型下进气道出口总压恢复系数和静温的相对变化量绝对值大于0.5%,有必要考虑化学非平衡气体效应对进气道出口性能的影响。     

后向台阶层流分离剪切层特性研究

应用激光测速仪对生向台阶层流边界层分离产生的剪切层在再附前的发展进行了测量，得到了时均速度、湍流强度及剪切层厚度等的分布特性，并研究了来流湍流度对台阶后流场湍强度分布及剪切层发展的影响，实验中发现台阶后有一个流速降低的区域，对此从涡动力学的角度作了解释。     

高度欠膨胀声速射流的自相似特性

构建了高压气体射流模型和高分辨率的计算网格,对喷压比（NPR）为5.60、流动雷诺数Re为105量级的高度欠膨胀射流进行了三维大涡模拟（LES）计算.讨论了时均的射流近场结构,发现大涡模拟成功捕捉到了高度欠膨胀射流近场的典型波系结构,并与文献结果吻合较好.研究着重定量考察流向速度和氮气质量分数的分布规律,以揭示高度欠膨胀射流的自相似特性.结果表明:在射流核心区之后,不同流向位置上流向速度和氮气质量分数沿径向的分布呈现出与亚声速射流类似的自相似特性.但射流流场开始呈现自相似的位置仍然为超声速,这是高度欠膨胀射流自相似特性的独有特征.提出了高斯拟合公式,在靠近和远离射流中心线的区域内均可较好地表征射流的自相似特性.此外,还考察了射流剪切层的发展特征,比较了计算得到的射流剪切层增长率与先前实验测量结果的差异,并分析了其中可能的原因.