Modified energy cascade model adapted for a multicrop Lunar greenhouse prototype

Models are required to accurately predict mass and energy balances in a bioregenerative life support system. A modified energy cascade model was used to predict outputs of a multi-crop (tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce and strawberries) Lunar greenhouse prototype. The model performance was evaluated against measured data obtained from several system closure experiments. The model predictions corresponded well to those obtained from experimental measurements for the overall system closure test period (five months), especially for biomass produced (0.7% underestimated), water consumption (0.3% overestimated) and condensate production (0.5% overestimated). However, the model was less accurate when the results were compared with data obtained from a shorter experimental time period, with 31%, 48% and 51% error for biomass uptake, water consumption, and condensate production, respectively, which were obtained under more complex crop production patterns (e.g. tall tomato plants covering part of the lettuce production zones). These results, together with a model sensitivity analysis highlighted the necessity of periodic characterization of the environmental parameters (e.g. light levels, air leakage) in the Lunar greenhouse.     

毫米级平面叶栅的PSP测量

建立了一种新型的非接触式压敏涂料（Pressure Sensitive Paint,PSP）测压系统,设计了一套可拆卸式毫米级平面叶栅实验段,首次应用PSP测压技术测量了有／无叶尖间隙毫米级叶栅叶背表面静压分布。结果表明：由于存在叶尖间隙,叶盆处高压气体通过间隙泄漏流入叶背,使叶背叶尖处压力明显大于叶根处;与无叶尖间隙相比,有间隙时泄漏对叶背表面压力的影响约占叶高1／3,叶背底端受泄漏的影响较小。     

Normalized ionization yield function for various nuclei obtained with full Monte Carlo simulations

Several recent results important for production of ion pairs in the Earth atmosphere by various primary cosmic ray nuclei are presented. The direct ionization by various primary cosmic ray nuclei is explicitly obtained. The longitudinal profile of atmospheric cascades is sensitive to the energy and mass (charge) of the primary particle. In this study different cosmic ray nuclei are considered as primaries, namely Helium, Oxygen and Iron nuclei. The cosmic ray induced ionization is obtained on the basis of CORSIKA 6.52 code simulations using FLUKA 2006 and QGSJET II hadronic interaction models. The energy of the primary particles is normalized to GeV per nucleon. In addition, the ionization yield function Y is normalized as ion pair production per nucleon. The obtained ionization yield functions Y for various primaries are compared. The presented results and their application are discussed.     

Ionization effect of solar protons in the Earth atmosphere – Case study of the 20 January 2005 SEP event

The cosmic ray ground level enhancement on January 20, 2005 is among the largest recorded events in the history of cosmic ray measurements. The solar protons of MeV energies cause an excess of ionization in the atmosphere, specifically over polar caps following major solar disturbances. The ionization effect in the Earth atmosphere is obtained for various latitudes on the basis of solar proton energy spectra, reconstructed from GOES 11 measurements and subsequent full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade. The estimation of ionization rates is based on a numerical model for cosmic ray induced ionization. The evolution of atmospheric cascade is performed with the CORSIKA 6.52 code using FLUKA 2006b and QGSJET II hadron interaction models. The atmospheric ion rate ionization is explicitly obtained for 40°N, 60°N and 80°N latitudes. The time evolution of obtained ion rates is presented. It is demonstrated that ionization effect is negative for 40°N and small for 60°N, because of accompanying Forbush decrease. The ionization effect is significant only in sub-polar and polar atmosphere during the major ground level enhancement of 20 January 2005.     

尾缘喷气方式对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响

以某涡轮叶栅为研究对象,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方式研究了涡轮叶片不同喷气结构对叶栅性能的影响。对半开缝和对开缝两种尾缘冷气喷射的研究表明:当冷气流量比较小时,有一个总压损失随冷气量增大先增加后减小的趋势:当冷气量较大时,冷气造成的总压损失随冷气增大而减小。在相同条件下,半开缝叶栅出口的总压损失系数小于对开缝叶栅出口的总压损失系数。叶栅出口平均气流角随着喷气比的增大呈减小的趋势,但变化范围很小。     

压气机线性振荡叶栅气弹试验研究（二）：叶尖间隙的影响

 为了加强对叶轮机三维气动弹性机理的理解,为数值模拟方法提供试验验证数据,开展了压气机线性叶栅气动弹性试验研究。本研究分为2个部分,第1部分研究压气机线性振荡叶栅的气弹稳定性,本文为第2部分,重点辨别叶尖间隙对压气机叶片气弹稳定性的影响。试验结果表明随着叶尖间隙的增加,间隙流对振动叶片有失稳影响,其影响范围几乎遍及整个叶高,这与非定常气动的瞬时径向相互作用的结论是一致的。这种失稳效应与叶片间相位角对叶栅气弹稳定性的影响不耦合。间隙流在叶栅稳定性最差时影响最显著。详细的非定常压力试验结果表明,随着叶尖间隙的增加,叶片表面非定常压力幅值减小区域与间隙流造成的卸载区域相对应。由试验结果可以推断,不考虑叶尖间隙的数值模型可能会给出过稳定的叶片颤振预测。     

Calculation of an unsteady jet flow around the plate cascade

In the framework of the general theory for unsteady weakly disturbed fluid flows with free boundaries, a problem is solved to calculate a jet flow around the cascade of plates executing the harmonic oscillations. We developed a program that enables us for the first time to carry out systematic calculations of flow characteristics depending on arbitrary values of determining parameters.     

三维扩压叶栅非定常流动机理研究的频谱分析

计算了三维直叶栅在不同攻角、不同马赫数下的流动情况,得到流场的非定常解,并进行了频谱分析,对叶栅非定常流动的流场结构和流动机理做了初步的探讨。分析计算结果表明:在来流均匀,定常边界条件下,叶栅内流动仍然表现出强烈的非定常性。分离区和尾迹中的流动,以旋涡的有规律周期性脱落为主要的运动形式。旋涡脱落的频率,随着攻角和马赫数的变化而变化:同马赫数下,攻角越大,频率越低;同攻角下,马赫数越高,频率越高。同时,在同一工况下,旋涡频率沿叶高呈非均匀分布,叶中区域频率相对低,靠近端壁区频率相对高。      

大小叶片直叶栅泄漏流动数值模拟分析

基于S-A湍流模型的全三维数值模拟方法,对带间隙的大小叶片和常规直叶栅亚音泄漏流动进行了计算与分析.结果表明:短弦长小叶片对大叶片吸力面负荷分布、泄漏量以及泄漏涡的产生位置的控制作用较弱;攻角增大后,大叶片泄漏发展到小叶片尖隙导致二次泄漏,恶化叶栅性能;当小叶片靠近吸力面时表现的更为强烈;存在壁面移动时,二次泄漏更容易发生,但间隙流动得到改善;由于攻角变化导致了大叶片泄漏与小叶片尖隙干扰位置变化,表现出不同的叶尖流动模式.      

跨声速压气机性能计算中的激波损失模型

在分析了跨声速叶型内激波与附面层相互作用及波系形状的基础上,建立了一种考虑了激波与附面层的相互作用及栅内流动状况的跨声速叶栅激波结构的数学物理模型,并提供了一种可靠评估跨声速叶栅激波损失的方法。