基于描述函数的燃烧振荡建模与仿真

针对贫预混燃烧在燃气轮机燃烧室中的燃烧振荡问题进行主动控制技术研究，一般需依赖于较为准确的火焰动力学模型，但是通过仿真或者试验测量得到完整、准确的非线性火焰动力学响应特性都存在较大的困难。针对该问题，本文基于声学分析，结合非线性建模方法的应用，提出了一种基于描述函数的热声耦合系统分析方法，既能够体现火焰非线性动力学过程的影响，又便于实验测量与系统辨识。本文针对旋流预混燃烧室的热声耦合特性进行了实验测量，通过系统辨识得到热声耦合系统的描述函数模型，在此基础上开展热声耦合系统时域仿真分析。实验测量结果表明，包含火焰动力学过程的声波传播过程具有较强的非线性特征，并且在一定频率范围内描述函数的幅值和相位随扰动量幅值变化规律体现出较一致的规律；仿真分析结果证明了辨识得到的描述函数可以对燃烧室中的热声耦合形成过程和极限环振荡特征进行描述。     

固体火箭发动机Al_2O_3凝结及颗粒破碎的数值模拟

Al2O3凝结对固体火箭发动机Al颗粒的燃烧效率及燃气流动有很大影响。结合拉格朗日方法,建立Al2O3凝结模型,分析了在Al2O3烟雾凝结及颗粒自身破碎作用下,不同初始直径Al颗粒的燃烧效率及燃烧室流场的变化规律。计算结果与同条件下的测试数据有较好的吻合,颗粒分布符合相关实验现象。结果表明,小颗粒燃烧后,流场温度及Al2O3烟雾分布均匀;随颗粒初始直径的增加,径向出现明显分层现象;在发动机出口,小颗粒燃烧效率较高,颗粒中Al2O3质量分数较大,但破碎程度较小;随初始直径增加,颗粒燃烧效率逐渐降低,颗粒中仍含有大量未燃烧的Al,破碎程度提高,颗粒数目急剧增加。     

介质温度和工作压强对发动机燃烧室中压强振荡的影响

采用大涡模拟方法研究了介质温度和工作压强对模拟燃烧室中压强振荡的影响,旨在获得相同发动机结构条件下,冷流实验和发动机热试车之间压强振荡的联系,探索采用冷流实验方法研究实际发动机流动稳定性的可能性。研究结果表明对于相同结构的发动机,冷热流之间存在很大程度的一致性,全尺寸发动机的实验数据和数值模拟结果也给予了验证,介质温度决定了压强振荡的频率,工作压强决定了振荡的振幅。     

空气加热器声学振荡特性的数值计算

为研究空气加热器的声学振荡特性并为其设计和后续的试验方案提供借鉴,对空气加热器不同喷嘴位置处的喷雾火焰形成的声学振荡进行了数值仿真,重点研究了多个离散点处的不稳定特征以及燃烧室内的流场演化过程。仿真结果捕捉到了燃烧不稳定的典型特征,如起振、线性增长、稳定极限环;非稳态流场直观地展示出喷注面板中心位置处的喷嘴形成的喷雾火焰容易形成二阶横向声学振荡,并且这种振荡形式具有从喷注面板向喷管入口传播的行波特征;离面板中心53.6mm的喷嘴形成的喷雾火焰容易形成一阶横向声学振荡,这种振荡形式没有明显的行波特征。     

Scaling effects on combustion modes in a single-side expansion kerosene-fueled scramjet combustor

The combustion modes in two different scramjet combustors with the mass flow rates of 1.8 kg/s and 3.6 kg/s are experimentally investigated to explore the scaling effects on supersonic combustion with a Mach number 2.0 inflow. It is found that the scramjet combustor with a larger scale can broaden the flame rich blowout limit. As the Equivalence Ratio (ER) increases, the combustion in the small-scale combustor maintains in the cavity-stabilized mode, and the flamebase moves downstream along the cavity shear layer; however, the combustion in the large-scale combustor gradually transfers from the cavity-stabilized mode to the jet-wake-stabilized mode. The differences in the cavity residence time, the ignition delay time and the Damkohler number caused by different scales of the scramjet combustor are likely to account for the scaling effects on the combustion modes.     

Particle image velocimetry for combustion measurements: Applications and developments

In the last several decades, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has reached a high degree of maturity as a laser diagnostic technique based on tracer particles, with significant improvements in accuracy, resolution, dynamic range, and as an extension to combustion measurements. To assess the recent developments and to project the future trends of using the PIV technique for combustion measurements, we review many key issues for measuring combustion flow fields. We introduce the representative applications of a supersonic combustor and swirling burner and summarize the promising prospects and further development requirements of PIV measurements in combustion flow fields.     

Periodic atomization characteristics of simplex swirl injector induced by klystron effect

The atomization dynamic characteristics of a simplex swirl injector was investigated experimentally by using a hydrodynamic mechanical pulsator and the shadow photography technique. The frequency response characteristics of the fluid film and atomization fluctuations and their correlations with pressure fluctuations were obtained by using an in-house code of image processing. It is demonstrated that the klystron effect induced by periodic pressure fluctuations results in periodic liquid film fluctuation with large amplitudes, periodic superposition of droplets and reduction of the breakup length. It was found that the atomization of the simplex swirl injector only responds to the pressure fluctuation in frequency range approximately from 0 to 300 Hz, and it is particularly sensitive to pressure fluctuations at frequencies from 100 to 200 Hz. According to this experiment, the responsive frequency limitation is merely affected by injector configuration, rather than the supply line.     

气体燃料燃烧强化和污染控制的分析与探讨

本篇通过燃气燃烧特性的分析，指出了强化燃烧的措施，并通过燃气燃烧污染因素的分析，指出了污染控制的措施。     

燃料掺氢对船用天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响

为研究船用天然气发动机气体燃料中掺入不同比例氢气对燃烧和排放的影响。运用改装的氢气-天然气-柴油三燃料混烧发动机进行台架实验,测试对比负荷特性下掺氢比为0%、5%、10%、15%四个工况发动机排放物中CO、CO2、NO、NOx、烟温等数据,然后针对掺氢比分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的六个工况,运用CHEMKIN-PRO模拟计算点火延迟时间和层流火焰速度。结果显示,随着氢气比例增加,缸内燃烧点火延迟时间缩短,缸内最高温度升高,层流火焰速度增快,掺氢比对NOx排放影响不明显,相同输出功率下掺氢比高的工况CO排放更低,燃料掺氢工况CO2排放低于纯天然气工况。研究认为,燃料掺氢有助于改善船用LNG动力发动机的燃烧和排放,具有较大的研究和应用前景。     

亚毫米空间内火焰从层流向爆燃模式的转变特性研究

为了探究微小空间内的火焰加速特性,在一个可视化的、特征间距为0.45mm的微尺度定容燃烧室内,实验研究了丙烷/氢气/空气预混的火焰传播特性。实验考察了亚毫米空间条件下掺氢比例、混合气初始温度和初始压力对火焰传播的影响,其中掺氢比例分别为0.2和0.4,初始温度分别为290K和306K,初始压力从0.1MPa到0.3MPa。实验观察到了火焰在传播过程中加速,并发生缓燃转变到爆燃的现象,火焰传播速度获得大幅提升。另外发现初始压力的提升有利于加速火焰传播,提升峰值压力,且较小幅度的初始温度上升能够有效提高火焰传播速度。