Calibration errors in determining slant Total Electron Content (TEC) from multi-GNSS data

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is presently a powerful tool for sensing the Earth's ionosphere. For this purpose, the ionospheric measurements (IMs), which are by definition slant total electron content biased by satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs), need to be first extracted from GNSS data and then used as inputs for further ionospheric representations such as tomography. By using the customary phase-to-code leveling procedure, this research comparatively evaluates the calibration errors on experimental IMs obtained from three GNSS, namely the US Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo. On the basis of ten days of dual-frequency, triple-GNSS observations collected from eight co-located ground receivers that independently form short-baselines and zero-baselines, the IMs are determined for each receiver for all tracked satellites and then for each satellite differenced for each baseline to evaluate their calibration errors. As first derived from the short-baseline analysis, the effects of calibration errors on IMs range, in total electron content units, from 1.58 to 2.16, 0.70 to 1.87, and 1.13 to 1.56 for GPS, Galileo, and BDS, respectively. Additionally, for short-baseline experiment, it is shown that the code multipath effect accounts for their main budget. Sidereal periodicity is found in single-differenced (SD) IMs for GPS and BDS geostationary satellites, and the correlation of SD IMs over two consecutive days achieves the maximum value when the time tag is around 4?min. Moreover, as byproducts of zero-baseline analysis, daily between-receiver DCBs for GPS are subject to more significant intra-day variations than those for BDS and Galileo.     

On the anthropogenic and natural injection of matter into Earth’s atmosphere

Every year, more and more objects are sent to space. The increasing number of countries with space programs, advancing commercialization, and ambitious satellite constellation projects raise concerns about space debris and the increase of mass flux into the atmosphere due to deorbiting of satellites and rocket bodies. A comparison of this anthropogenic influx to the natural influx due to meteoroids is presented giving detailed information about the mass, composition and ablation of the entering matter. Currently, anthropogenic material does make up about 2.8% compared to the annual injected mass of natural origin. For two different future scenarios considering planned and already partially installed large satellite constellations this fraction increases to nearly 13%, respectively 40%. For these cases, the anthropogenic injection of several metals prevails the injection by natural sources by far. Considering different ablation products, we find that the anthropogenic injection of aerosols into the atmosphere increases disproportionately. Today, they make up about 1% compared to the injected aerosol mass of natural origin, increasing to 30% and 94% for the two future scenarios, respectively. Considering the injection of atoms, the natural injection is dominant by far. For the two future scenarios, the anthropogenic injection is only at 5%, respectively 15% compared to the annual natural atom injection. The predicted strong increase in anthropogenic injection will make it significant in comparison to the natural injection which can have yet unknown effects on Earth’s atmosphere and the terrestrial habitat.     

Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects. The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one sin-gle jet hole over a wide range of parameters: jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000, relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30, and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030. Exper-imental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteris-tics. On one hand, an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance (increasing jet diameter in fact) enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter. Finally, experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect. This work con-tributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impinge-ment on concave surfaces, which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。     

Parameter study on lateral moments of banked wings in ground effect

Ground effect dramatically improves the performance of the Wing-in-Ground(WIG)vehicles near the ground. However, making coordinate turnings in ground effect zone may raise complexity in flight control. The Angle of Attack(AOA) and height are believed to be important factors. To find the impact of these factors, three straight rectangular wings with different aspect ratios are simulated via CFD approach. The results show that in normal situations, the rolling moment tends to level the wing but le...     

非定常尾迹对涡轮叶片换热影响的数值模拟

通过引入非定常尾迹诱导过渡的时间平均间歇因子的概念,提出常规过渡的起始点位置和尾迹诱导过渡起始点位置的算法,实现了对非定常尾迹影响下涡轮叶片上时间平均换热的数值模拟。结果显示,无论在叶片吸力面还是压力面,计算与实验符合均很好。     

尾迹和地磁效应对航天器表面充电影响的研究

研究迷效应和地磁场效应对中低轨道航天器表充电的影响,根据航天器表充电机制,采用薄鞘模型,根据电流收庥和轨道反演方法进行了数值模拟,给出航天器表面为导体和非导体的平衡电位,并进行了分析研究,数据结果观测和理论分析相符。     

复合材料板变形最优控制的数值分析

采用将压电片粘贴于复合材料层板表面或镶嵌于层板内部的方法,基于kirchoff假设,对于任意铺层的复合层板,使用板单元,建立了受压电片控制的复合材料层合板有限元分析方法.然后,采用作用电压到控制形状的控制矩阵,使用最优化方法得到了对任意形状所需的作用电压,最后给出算例.文中对实验数据和有限元结果进行了比较,给出了无约束优化、有约束优化和考虑能耗的优化等3种情形的结果.      

电推进航天器的特殊环境及其影响

文章介绍了应用离子和霍耳电推进系统在航天器周围产生的等离子体和电磁场等特殊环境,讨论了这些特殊环境对航天器各分系统或部件产生的溅射腐蚀、沉积污染、充放电、等离子体干扰、碰撞动力学扰动等影响效应,探讨了研究电推进与航天器相互作用效应的地面试验技术、空间飞行试验技术和模型分析技术,介绍了离子电推进系统与航天器相容性分析评价的技术要点。     

振动电容式介质内部电荷测量仪研制

内带电效应是引起航天器飞行故障的主要原因之一。为满足对内带电效应进行地面模拟试验研究的需求,文章提出了一种基于振动电容法的内带电电荷测量方法,设计了物理探头和信号处理器,完成了原理样机的研制,并对原理样机进行了标定测量试验。结果表明,该自主研发仪器线性度和准确度高,工作性能稳定。