Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.     

带自由表面水流的分离涡模拟

目前水动力学问题的数值求解仍然广泛采用RANS模型,特别对于大尺度的地表水流的数值模拟,该类模型计算效率较高,但其难以给出湍流场的小尺度涡结构.深入研究复杂地形条件下的水流运动,需要发展诸如LES等的高级数值模型.天然地表水流,地形、边界复杂,雷诺数通常较高,高级数值模拟受限于计算能力的限制,还难以工程应用.RANS和LES混合模型是目前具有工程应用的一种混合数值模型,其已经在CFD领域获得了长足发展.然而对于地表水流运动的数值模拟,相关工作还较少.本文将分离涡模型(DES),即一种RANS和LES的混合模型,应用于带自由表面的地表水流运动,建立了一套数值仿真模型.模型基于有限体积法,水平面内采用非结构计算网格,垂向为结构化网格,对流项离散格式采用二阶TVD格式,并行基于OpenMP语言库.算例表明DES模型有助于揭示复杂地形条件下带自由表面水流的大涡拟序结构.     

基于非结构网格的不可压N-S方程多矩有限体积法

提出了一种基于三角形及四面体非结构网格的有限体积法(FVM),用以鲁棒且精确地求解不可压粘性流动问题.与传统的FVM方法仅将体积分平均值(VIA)作为计算变量的做法不同,本文提出的方法将VIA及点值(PV)同时作为计算变量并在每个迭代步进行计算更新.VIA以通量形式进行计算以确保数值守恒,PV可以通过控制方程的不同形式进行求解更新,无需守恒,因此可以采用非常高效的方法进行求解.将PV作为增加的变量使得紧致网格模板得以实现更高阶精度的重构,而且由此获得的数值模型对于非结构网格变得更鲁棒.本文针对二维/三维的三角形/四面体非结构网格提出了数值格式,给出了几个基准测试算例,验证了本文提出的数值方法在采用非结构网格求解不可压粘性流动问题时的精确性和鲁棒性.     

跨声速串列转子失速机制的数值研究

为了解决跨声速串列转子的低裕度问题,就必须了解跨声速串列转子的流场结构与失速机制.设计了叶尖切线速度为450m/s,负荷系数为0.56的高负荷跨声速串列转子.基于数值模拟的结果,分析了该串列转子在0.5mm叶尖间隙下的叶尖流场结构与失速机制,并在此基础上分别探讨了叶尖间隙和前、后排叶片周向位置对串列转子特性的影响和失速机制的变化.结果表明:前排叶片的叶尖区域是 影响串列转子稳定性的关键;随着叶尖间隙的增加,串列转子的失速机制也发生变化,从前排叶片叶尖区域的尾迹与径向潜流堵塞后排叶片通道转变为前排叶片叶尖泄漏流堵塞;在较大周向相对位置(后排叶片压力面周向远离前排吸力面)的情况下,串列转子获得最好的效果,随着周向相对位置(PP)的增加,失速部位从后排叶片转移至前排叶片.      

蜂窝式轴心通风器油气分离性能计算

为对航空发动机蜂窝式轴心通风器油气分离效率进行研究,建立考虑油气双向耦合的流场计算方法及油滴/壁面相互作用模型,在验证通风阻力及油气分离效率可靠性的基础上,对不同转速、通风流量和环境温度下蜂窝式轴心通风器的油气分离效果进行计算和分析.结果表明:转速的增加会使油气分离效率得到提升,而通风流量和环境温度的增加则导致油气分离效率的降低.蜂窝孔结构的加入对通风阻力影响不大,却对通风器的滑油分离过程起主要作用,计算表明其对滑油分离贡献率在80%以上.      

New constitutive relation for eddy viscosity models

A new turbulent constitutive relation was directly derived from Boussinesq's hypothesis and mixing length theory, and then implemented in the standard k-ε model. The performance of this constitutive relation was validated in zero pressure gradient flat-plate boundary layer flow, fully-developed turbulent channel flow and separated flow in a plane asymmetric diffuser. The investigation demonstrated that, this new constitutive relation gave very accurate results in the former two basic cases and provided significant improvement in prediction of separated and reattachment points in the plane asymmetric diffuser. Separation and reattachment points at x/H=7.5 and 29 were calculated accurately in comparison to experimental results, and the static pressure coefficient of 0.82 was very close to large eddy simulation calculation. These results are very encouraging but further verification and extensive application of the new constitutive relation to other two-equation eddy viscosity model are needed.      

温度对飞机燃油射流泵工作特性影响

建立了射流泵数学模型,采用数值计算方法对其工作特性进行了模拟,搭建了实验台,采用RP-3燃油,通过实验数据验证了模型的正确性.在此基础上,分别选择了RP-3和JET-A两种燃油,计算了从-40℃~40℃温度下,不同操作压力对射流泵流量比的影响.结果表明:燃油温度高于0℃时,温度对射流泵工作特性影响并不明显,随着温度的降低,射流泵性能与标准温度下（20℃）偏差越来越大,且压比越高此偏差越明显.当温度高于0℃时,采用RP-3和JET-A燃油性能相差不大,RP-3燃油性能略优于JET-A燃油,但是在低温下,RP-3燃油性能远高于JET-A燃油.因此当燃油温度较低且压比较高时,必须充分考虑温度对射流泵特性的影响.      

Effect of blade tip winglet on the performance of a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor

The tip leakage flow has an important influence on the performance of transonic com-pressor. Blade tip winglet has been proved to be an effective method to control the tip leakage flow in compressor, while the physical mechanisms of blade tip winglet have been poorly understood. A numerical study for a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor has been conducted to understand the effect of varying the location of blade tip winglet on the performance of the rotor. Two kinds of tip winglet were designed and investigated. The effects of blade tip winglet on the compressor over-all performance, stability and tip flow structure were presented and discussed. It is found that the interaction of the tip winglet with the flow in the tip region is different when the winglet is located at suction-side or pressure-side of the blade tip. Results indicate that the suction-side winglet (SW) is ineffective to improve the performance of compressor rotor. In addition, a significant stall range extension equivalent to 33.74% with a very small penalty in efficiency can be obtained by the pressure-side winglet (PW). An attempt has been made to explain the fundamental mechanisms of blade tip winglet in detail.     

燃料分级对旋流火焰的动态特性影响研究

为深入研究分级旋流火焰特性,以分级旋流模型燃烧室为研究对象,对四个不同燃料分级比(Rf)条件下的分级旋流火焰进行了数值研究,在时均燃烧场特性分析的基础上进一步对燃料分级比为1和3两个工况进行了基于壁面建模的大涡模拟(WMLES)研究。结果表明:燃料分级比的改变会影响中心回流区(CRZ)的长度和宽度。燃烧室中截面的散点分布图能够显示出不同燃料分级比条件下的燃烧特征。燃料分级比为1时,燃烧室剪切层仅存在零散的涡破碎区;而燃料分级比为3时,伴随涡破碎区还出现了单螺旋分支进动涡核(PVC)。通过FFT变换获得的燃烧室内剪切层速度能谱主频与进动涡核的旋转频率相同,表明内剪切层速度脉动的产生与进动涡核有关。另外进动涡核会使流场内的燃料分布和燃烧模式发生周期性的变化,进而影响燃烧过程。调整燃料分级比在1附近,能够使分级火焰达到稳定燃烧降低排放的目标。     

水下超声速射流对上浮水雷受力特性影响研究

固体火箭发动机具有功率密度大、推力大等优势,常被用于上浮水雷的推进器。然而发动机在水下工作时燃气射流使流场压力发生剧烈脉动,进而影响发动机的推力性能及上浮水雷的受力特性。基于VOF多相流模型和理想气体模型,建立了上浮水雷在不同工作状态(欠膨胀、完全膨胀、过膨胀)下的数值模型,研究了水下燃气喷射流对上浮水雷的受力特性影响。结果显示,欠膨胀工况时,发动机推力平缓,大小为12.2KN,上浮水雷受力未出现负值;完全膨胀时,射流发生颈缩、胀鼓现象位置距离雷体较远,导致发动机推力及水雷壳体受力振荡不剧烈;过膨胀工况时,射流发生颈缩、胀鼓现象距离喷管较近,发动机推力发生剧烈脉动,产生21.37%的振荡幅度,胀鼓现象发生时,流场压力显著降低使得上浮水雷后体受力减小,壳体阻力增大,上浮水雷最大产生27KN的负推力。