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711.
Ioannis A. Daglis 《Space Science Reviews》2006,124(1-4):183-202
This chapter reviews the current understanding of ring current dynamics. The terrestrial ring current is an electric current
flowing toroidally around the Earth, centered at the equatorial plane and at altitudes of ∼10,000 to 60,000 km. Enhancements
in this current are responsible for global decreases in the Earth’s surface magnetic field, which have been used to define
geomagnetic storms. Intense geospace magnetic storms have severe effects on technological systems, such as disturbances or
even permanent damage of telecommunication and navigation satellites, telecommunication cables, and power grids. The main
carriers of the ring current are positive ions, with energies from ∼1 keV to a few hundred keV, which are trapped by the geomagnetic
field and undergo an azimuthal drift. The ring current is formed by the injection of ions originating in the solar wind and
the terrestrial ionosphere into the inner magnetosphere. The injection process involves electric fields, associated with enhanced
magnetospheric convection and/or magnetospheric substorms. The quiescent ring current is carried mainly by protons of predominantly
solar wind origin, while active processes in geospace tend to increase the abundance (both absolute and relative) of O+ ions, which are of ionospheric origin. During intense geospace magnetic storms, the O+ abundance increases dramatically. This increase has been observed to occur concurrently with the rapid intensification of
the ring current in the storm main phase and to result in O+ dominance around storm maximum. This compositional change can affect several dynamic processes, such as species-and energy-dependent
charge-exchange and wave-particle scattering loss. 相似文献
712.
713.
守恒光滑法CSA(Conservative Smoothing Approach)是解决传统SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)法稳定性问题的一种很有效的方法.研究发现在SPH法中运用所谓的守恒光滑法并不能保证系统的总物理量(质量、动量或者能量)在每个时间步均守恒,而是随着时间在理论值附近波动,对计算结果的精度有一定的影响.对此提出了守恒光滑法的修正公式,对SPH控制方程得到的各个粒子的物理量进行CSA光滑,然后运用文中提出的CSA的修正公式把对该粒子物理量的改变量加权平均给邻域内各个粒子,从而确保了SPH算法中系统的总物理量(质量、动量以及能量等)在每个时间步均守恒,而且由于减少了CSA对SPH得到的各个粒子物理量的过分光滑,从而提高了计算精度.物理意义、理论推导以及文中的算例均证明了这种修正的有效性. 相似文献
714.
K. Watanabe R.P. Lin S. Krucker R.J. Murphy G.H. Share M.J. Harris M. Gros Y. Muraki T. Sako Y. Matsubara T. Sakai S. Shibata J.F. Valds-Galicia L.X. Gonzlez A. Hurtado O. Musalem P. Miranda N. Martinic R. Ticona A. Velarde F. Kakimoto Y. Tsunesada H. Tokuno S. Ogio 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,44(7):789-793
Relativistic neutrons were observed by the neutron monitors at Mt. Chacaltaya and Mexico City and by the solar neutron telescopes at Chacaltaya and Mt. Sierra Negra in association with an X17.0 flare on 2005 September 7. The neutron signal continued for more than 20 min with high statistical significance. Intense emissions of γ-rays were also registered by INTEGRAL, and during the decay phase by RHESSI. We analyzed these data using the solar-flare magnetic-loop transport and interaction model of Hua et al. [Hua, X.-M., Kozlovsky, B., Lingenfelter, R.E. et al. Angular and energy-dependent neutron emission from solar flare magnetic loops, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 140, 563–579, 2002], and found that the model could successfully fit the data with intermediate values of loop magnetic convergence and pitch-angle scattering parameters. These results indicate that solar neutrons were produced at the same time as the γ-ray line emission and that ions were continuously accelerated at the emission site. 相似文献
715.
Z.K. Smith W.J. Murtagh 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,44(7):775-788
Predicting the occurrence of large geomagnetic storms more than an hour in advance is an important, yet difficult task. Energetic ion data show enhancements in flux that herald the approach of interplanetary shocks, usually for many hours before the shock arrival. We present a technique for predicting large geomagnetic storms (Kp 7) following the arrival of interplanetary shocks at 1 AU, using low-energy energetic ions (47–65 keV) and solar wind data measured at the L1 libration point. It is based on a study of the relationship between energetic ion enhancements (EIEs) and large geomagnetic storms by Smith et al. [Smith, Z., Murtagh, W., Smithtro, C. Relationship between solar wind low-energy energetic ion enhancements and large geomagnetic storms. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01110, 2004. doi:10.1029/ 2003JA010044] using data in the rise and maximum of solar cycle 23 (February 1998–December 2000). An excellent correlation was found between storms with Kp 7 and the peak flux of large energetic ion enhancements that almost always (93% of time in our time period) accompany the arrival of interplanetary shocks at L1. However, as there are many more large EIEs than large geomagnetic storms, other characteristics were investigated to help determine which EIEs are likely to be followed by large storms. An additional parameter, the magnitude of the post-shock total magnetic field at the L1 Lagrangian point, is introduced here. This improves the identification of the EIEs that are likely to be followed by large storms. A forecasting technique is developed and tested on the time period of the original study (the training data set). The lead times, defined as the times from the arrival of the shock to the start of the 3-h interval of maximum Kp, are also presented. They range from minutes to more than a day; the average for large storms is 7 h. These times do not include the extra warning time given when the EI flux cross the high thresholds ahead of the shock. Because the data-stream used in the original study is no longer available, we extended the original study (1998–2000) to 2001, in order to: (a) investigate EIEs in 2001; (b) present a validation of the technique on an independent data set; (c) compare the results based on the original (P1) energy channel to those of the replacement (P1′) and (d), determine new EIE thresholds for forecasting geomagnetic storms using P1′ data. The verification of this P1′ training data set is also presented, together with lead times. 相似文献
716.
717.
一种基于感知的大规模场景粒子系统绘制方法 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在分析已有的大规模场景下使用粒子系统对自然现象等模拟方法的基础上,提出了一种绘制大规模粒子系统的方法.在大规模粒子系统的绘制过程中引入基于视截体模型的感知算法对粒子进行细化并引入双重缓冲技术以及粒子动态纹理.将粒子按所属不同区域进行分层次绘制,提高了真实性和灵活性,最终解决了传统绘制方法不适用大规模粒子系统的问题.实验表明,系统的模拟效果真实,满足系统对实时性的要求,适合大规模粒子系统的绘制. 相似文献
718.
S.A. Wolff L.H. Coelho M. Zabrodina E. Brinckmann A.-I. Kittang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Successful growth and development of higher plants in space rely on adequate availability and uptake of water and nutrients, and efficient energy distribution through photosynthesis and gas exchange. In the present review, literature has been reviewed to assemble the relevant knowledge within space plant research for future planetary missions. Focus has been on fractional gravity, space radiation, magnetic fields and ultimately a combined effect of these factors on gas exchange, photosynthesis and transport of water and solutes. 相似文献
719.
J.P. Bornebusch J.M. WissingM.-B. Kallenrode 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The precipitation of solar energetic particles, protons as well as electrons, at high latitudes is commonly assumed to be homogeneous across both polar caps. Using Low-Earth Orbit POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites) we determine particle penetration ratios into the polar atmosphere for protons ranging from about 0.1 MeV to 500 MeV and for electrons spanning about one order of magnitude in energy with a maximum of 0.3 MeV. Based on power law fits for the POES spectrum we show, that for energies interesting for middle and lower atmosphere chemistry, particle flux over the poles is comparable in magnitude to flux at the geostationary orbit or at L1 in interplanetary space. The time period under study are the solar energetic particle (SEP) event series of October/November 2003 and January 2005. 相似文献
720.
为解决飞机结构损伤激光在线修复过程中同轴送粉喷嘴气体保护效果不佳的问题,利用粒子图像测速(Particle image velocimetry,PIV)和Fluent软件对喷嘴保护气体流场进行了研究。将喷嘴气流的同轴射流和同轴冲击射流的数值计算结果和实验测量结果进行了比较,分析了喷嘴气流速度变化对流场稳定性的影响。结果表明:喷嘴中心、内环和外环气流流速由内向外递减时可获得稳定的流场;喷嘴中心、内环、外环喷出的气流速度接近一致时,流场比较稳定;喷嘴中心气流速度小于内环和外环的气流速度时,工件表面出现漩涡,破坏了流场的稳定性。 相似文献