商用飞机项目中的技术经济方法

商用飞机的自主研发需要科学系统的技术经济分析方法解决技术先进性、研制成本以及使用经济性三者之间的矛盾。因此需要综合考虑市场竞争、技术性能、经济环境等多方面的因素,建立全寿命周期成本模型、基于直接运营成本的竞争定价模型和面向使用经济性的优化模型。通过项目盈亏平衡、基于EBOM的成本控制和发动机选型三个案例,分析说明了技术经济方法在商用飞机项目技术决策过程中的作用。     

精益管理是低成本航空运营成功的关键——美国西南航空公司运营管理案例分析

随着中国航空市场的逐步开放，国内航空公司之间的竞争将不可避免，通过对低成本航空公司的鼻祖——美国西南航空公司运营管理模式进行研究，认为其成功的核心因素是对精益思想的灵活运用。国内航空公司应坚持以人为本、以安全为前提、以效益为中心，在运营模式和内部管理上不断创新，充分利用高科技，提高营运效率，降低运营成本，消除一切浪费，保证服务质量，努力推出符合市场需求的航空产品，在为旅客提供便捷、创新服务的同时获得高的利润率.     

基于INTRANET的文档工作流自动处理

本文通过对典型的企业文档处理工作流的拓扑分析,抽象出两种基本模式和变形,实际业务所对应的复杂工作流可以由基本模式和其变形的组合来构造,使复杂工作流的理解简单化,结合真实的软件开发环境,对航空企业的服务通告类文档工作流应用作了实例分析。     

Planetary protection issues of private endeavours in research,exploration, and human access to space: An environmental economics approach to forward contamination

In light of the rapidly growing New Space Economy, the landscape of space exploration and development activities will certainly become much more complicated year by year. Relevant commercial space actors have already emerged, pushing the boundaries of entrepreneurial space ventures beyond the Earth-oriented upstream and downstream market segments and opening up the path towards the novel segments of space exploration, space resources utilization, and space research. Planetary protection is usually defined as a set of guidelines concerning the avoidance of bidirectional biological material exchange between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Recent success stories of established and new-entrant NewSpace actors, although posing no realistic planetary protection threat at present, clearly indicate that serious work needs to be done in order for the relevant guidelines to keep up with the rapid advances of the technology development cycles that occur within NewSpace companies. This need may become even more urgent, as space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies to target the currently underserved market segments of space research, exploration, and utilization. As of now, these capabilities were maintained solely by public space agencies; thus, all planetary protection priorities, strategies, and responsibilities were discussed, agreed-upon, and delegated for implementation among national and international working groups of public stakeholders. Although top-down regulations can be effective in controlling the quality and conformity of the deliverables of private subcontractors to public contractors, international planetary protection frameworks might need to evolve even beyond such unmet public-private interaction and partnership models. For this reason, this study did not focus on the legal and political issues of mandating NewSpace actors to adhere to planetary protection guidelines; rather, drawing from the field of sustainable development on Earth, an environmental economics approach was followed, with the goal of viewing the relationship between planetary protection and private space exploration and development as another “tragedy of the commons” problem that must be settled accordingly. After the problem’s framing, i.e. the conceptual presentation and synthesis of four extraterrestrial non-excludable goods, the initial approach of their total economic value, and the negative externalities of their exploitation, a discussion of the forward contamination mitigation costs was conducted. Drawing from the literature and using examples from both the terrestrial and aerospace sectors, a pre-emptive move was suggested: the establishment of a global industry consortium for the pre-competitive collaboration in forward contamination mitigation technologies, centered on an international planetary protection analogue program and its respective testbed facility.     

企业规模经济研究及其实证分析

本文论述了影响企业实现规模经济性的若干因素及确定企业经济规模的定量分析方法,并对航空某厂空调压缩机生产规模进行了实证分析。     

Future spacelift projection

In 1996 the NASA Advisory Council asked for a comprehensive look at future launch projections out to the year 2030 and beyond. In response to this request NASA sponsored a study at The Aerospace Corporation to develop long-range space transportation models for future commercial and government applications, and to analyze the design considerations and desired characteristics for future space transportation systems. Follow-ons to present space missions as well as a wide array of potential new space applications are considered in the study. This paper summarizes the space transportation system characteristics required to enable various classes of future missions. High reliability and the ability to achieve high flight rates per vehicle are shown to be key attributes for achieving more economical launch systems. Technical, economic and policy implications are also discussed.     

Measuring the economic benefits of a national planetary protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars: Results of a contingent valuation survey in Greece

The emergence of private space actors may soon enable the growth of the novel market segments of space research and exploration, space resources utilization, and human access to space. The interdisciplinary field of Planetary Protection has to keep up with these advances. Planetary Protection is defined as a set of guidelines that aim to prevent the forward contamination of celestial bodies with biological material from Earth and the backward contamination of the terrestrial biosphere with extraterrestrial biological material. As space entrepreneurs acquire and develop the resources and competencies for commercial access to space, significant questions are expected to be raised in the future with respect to potential forward and backward contamination issues, particularly with respect to activities between Earth and Mars. Although such private activities do not seem to pose a serious Planetary Protection threat at the moment, certain preparatory steps need to be taken in order to prudently inform the relevant policy-making procedures. This work describes the application of the Contingent Valuation Method, a useful tool of the environmental economics discipline, with the aim of demonstrating a novel approach to estimate the economic valuation of the external benefits of preventing forward and backward contamination between Earth and Mars. Particularly, via a survey specifically developed for this purpose, a set of questions are used to elicit the perceived economic value that respondents place on the prevention of forward and backward contamination; the survey is administered to a national probability sample in Greece, and the generated data is processed through statistical analysis. The Contingent Valuation Method is a popular and well-established stated preference valuation technique; these techniques are often the more suitable choice for ex-ante valuations of future changes, and are currently the only known approach to capture all the aspects of the economic value of non-market goods. Through an initial proof-of-concept in Greece, the goal of this work is to provide useful insights on the expected external benefits of a national Planetary Protection policy to regulate future private space activities between Earth and Mars, and to encourage a larger-scale application of this tool in other countries around the world.     

超音速旅客机设计中两个重要的技术要求

超音速旅客机SSA(Supersonic Airliner)是未来商用运输机发展的一个重要方向.在研究新一代SSA载荷、航程、速度等指标的基础上,推导出SSA设计中2个重要的技术要求.一是通过创造性地仿照亚音速客机机身布局方法,提出适用于SSA的机身布局方法,推出SSA乘客总数对机身布局的要求.算例分析表明,这种机身布局方法具有一定的合理性和工程实用性.二是作相关假设后,对布雷盖(Breguet)航程公式进行变形,再利用重量估算方法,导出起飞总重量、任务燃油消耗量与巡航升阻比的关系,得到运营经济性对SSA巡航升阻比的要求.所揭示的这2个技术要求在进行SSA多学科综合优化设计中具有重要作用和指导意义.     

基于市场需求的商用飞机经济性分析方法

商用飞机的经济性是影响航空市场竞争的关键因素之一,也是航空公司进行飞机选型和制造商开展型号研制的重要指标之一。基于商用飞机运营成本以及市场需求,建立了经济性评估模型。并进行案例分析,比较不同座级飞机在不同市场的经济适应性以及竞争力。     

民用航空发动机使用经济性研究

为了在发动机研制过程中进行直接使用成本分析,从设计中降低其直接使用成本,对民用发动机使用经济性进行了初步研究。从所有权成本、燃油成本和维修成本等方面分析了民用航空发动机直接使用成本的组成,分别给出了计算方法,并从这些组成的角度给出了提高发动机使用经济性的途径;在维修成本压缩空间最大的前提下,对发动机送修成本模型和送修策略制定方法进行了总结。