歼击机发动机设计载荷剖面的相似转换法

本文提出了获得歼击机发动机载荷剖面的相似转换法。通过应用飞行力学基本方法,以推力作为转换的核心,可以由一种实测的基准机剖面得到其它类似机型的剖面。本文提出的方法在实际工程中已得到应用。      

结冰风洞中过冷大水滴云雾演化特性数值研究

为明晰结冰风洞中过冷大水滴（SLD）云雾演化特性,发展了基于欧拉法的SLD液滴运动、传热和传质耦合计算方法,针对3 m×2 m结冰风洞主试验段水平收缩构型,分析了SLD云雾沉降收缩特性、动量平衡特性和热平衡特性,探索了液滴变形破碎的影响,评估了构型出口处SLD液滴动量平衡和热平衡状态。研究结果表明：直径超过250 μm的SLD液滴在构型内会发生显著形变,液滴尺寸越大则变形程度越强,尤其在160 m/s工况下,当液滴直径超过750 μm后,SLD液滴甚至会发生破碎;液滴变形破碎效应会增大液滴加速度和液滴温度下降率,促使SLD液滴趋近动量平衡和热平衡状态;SLD云雾（最大液滴直径小于1 000 μm）在构型出口处会出现显著的粒径浓度分层、动量分层和热分层现象,其中直径小于100 μm的小尺寸液滴速度快、温度低且不断凝结,趋于平衡态,但直径超过500 μm的大尺寸SLD液滴速度慢、温度高且不断蒸发,则显著偏离平衡态;增大试验段气流速度尽管会减弱SLD云雾粒径浓度分层程度,但会增强动量分层和热分层程度,尤其在160 m/s工况下,SLD云雾会均匀分布在构型出口中心区域内（-0.75 m < Y < 0.75 m且-0.5 m < Z < 0.5 m）,与其平衡态间的最大速度差和温度差将分别超过18 m/s和20℃。     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的冰晶撞击特性计算

航空发动机摄入冰晶易发生内部结冰、造成发动机推力损失,严重时引发航空事故。冰晶结冰数值模拟是研究冰晶结冰的重要手段,而撞击收集系数计算是冰晶结冰数值模拟的关键环节。基于NNWICE平台开展冰晶结冰前期的阻力系数、运动轨迹和撞击收集系数的数值模拟与计算研究,实现了基于蒙特卡洛方法的冰晶撞击收集系数的准确计算;在此基础上发展了拉格朗日框架下冰晶粒子运动、传热传质耦合数值计算方法;通过完成二维NACA0012翼型的相关算例,对比分析了不同阻力模型和冰晶相变对撞击收集系数的影响。结果表明阻力模型对冰晶撞击收集系数影响较小,冰晶相变过程会对冰晶运动轨迹及撞击收集系数产生显著影响,为进一步发展冰晶结冰数值模拟计算方法奠定了基础。     

面向过冷大水滴适航验证的结冰探测技术研究

过冷大水滴（Supercooled large droplet,SLD）结冰超出了常规防除冰系统的防护范围,是一种更为严重的结冰情形,极大地影响着飞行安全。在美国联邦航空管理局14 CFR 25.140条款中明确提到为保证飞机在SLD结冰条件下的安全运行,首先且必须要对SLD结冰气象环境进行探测。由于水滴破碎会改变水滴运动轨迹和表面撞击水分布,使水滴撞击极限变小,而水滴飞溅对结冰极限位置影响不大,因此本文通过研究大、小粒径水滴在飞机上收集范围不同的特点,提出一种可以满足SLD结冰适航符合性的结冰探测技术。该结冰探测技术采用常规结冰探测器,根据水滴收集范围将其布置于不同敏感结冰部位,可以实现全剖面飞行的结冰环境探测。     

Design and optimization of a novel electrically controlled high pressure fuel injection system for heavy fuel aircraft piston engine

The heavy fuel compression ignition engines are widely equipped as aircraft piston engines. The fuel injection system is one of the key technologies that determines the performance of engine. One of the main challenges is to precisely control the injected fuel quantity and flow rate in the presence of pressure fluctuation. This challenge is even more serious for heavy fuel. An original design for electrically controlled high pressure fuel injection system called Multi-Pumppressure-reservoirs fuel injection System(MPS) was demonstrated to reduce the pressure fluctuation and help keep injection stable. MPS was compared with an ordinary high pressure Common Rail fuel injection System(CRS). This work established one-dimensional AMESim and mathematical models for both CRS and MPS to study the effect of different structures and geometric parameters on the pressure fluctuations. The calculations show that the average fuel pressure fluctuation of MPS can be reduced by 57% for the crankshaft speed of 1900 r/min, and the pressure fluctuation before injection reduced by 100%. It is concluded that the pressure performance of MPS is less sensitive to pressure reservoir volume than that of CRS, and there is an opportunity for further volume reduction.     

Design and application of an Electric Tail Rotor Drive Control (ETRDC) for helicopters with performance tests

With the development of electric helicopters’ motor technology and the widespread use of electric drive rotors, more aircraft use electric rotors to provide thrust and directional control. For a helicopter tail rotor, the wake of the main rotor influences the tail rotor’s inflow and wake. In the procedure of controlling, crosswind will also cause changes to the tail disk load. This paper describes requirements and design principles of an electric motor drive and variable pitch tail rotor system. A particular spoke-type architecture of the motor is designed, and the performance of blades is analyzed by the CFD method. The demand for simplicity of moving parts and strict constraints on the weight of a helicopter makes the design of electrical and mechanical components challenging. Different solutions have been investigated to propose an effective alternative to the mechanical actuation system. A test platform is constructed which can collect the dynamic response of the thrust control. The enhancement of the response speed due to an individual motor speed control and variable-pitch system is validated.     

结冰飞机着陆阶段飞行安全包线确定及操纵应对策略

结冰会导致飞行安全包线收缩、严重威胁飞行安全,研究结冰后安全包线变化对于操纵应对策略设计及提高飞行安全具有重要意义。以美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的项目飞机GTM（Generic Transport Model）为研究对象,通过对飞机的气动参数进行多项式拟合,建立了结冰飞机纵向通道的动力学模型。为了得到能随结冰程度变化的安全包线,将可达性分析理论引入到对结冰飞机着陆过程的安全性分析。提出将正向可达集与反向可达集的交集作为飞行安全包线,其中可达集的确定是基于水平集方法求解哈密尔顿-雅克比方程的最优解。最后针对不同程度的结冰条件进行了操纵时域验证,并提出了相应的操纵控制策略。研究结果表明,轻度结冰对安全包线影响较小,整个着陆过程的飞行状态始终能在最优控制指导下保持在安全包线以内;但对于重度结冰,飞行安全包线收缩严重,常规操纵已经很难使飞机达到着陆要求,需要进行飞行状态改出处理。研究结果为指导飞行操纵及实时包线保护打下基础。     

基于强化学习的航空器机场智能静态路径规划

随着人工智能迅速发展以及“智慧机场”的提出,研究人工智能在机场如何有效地辅助机场管制人员,驾驶员指挥航空器在地面滑行具有重要意义。本文提出一种基于强化学习的滑行路径规划方法,构建航空器机场地面强化学习移动模型,并以海口美兰机场为案例采用 Python 内置工具包 Tkinter 进行场面仿真;在此基础上,考虑机场航空器滑行规则,采用 Off-Policy 中 Q-Learning 算法求解贝尔曼方程,实现航空器在 Model-based 环境中进行静态路径规划。结果表明：本文所提方法能够实现停机位到跑道出口智能静态路径规划     

带压缩性修正的离散涡方法在结冰数值模拟中的应用

离散涡方法（DVM）是一种无网格的涡运动算法,适用于解决易产生分离流的非定常问题,将其应用于结冰过程中的流场求解,在有效模拟分离流动的同时能避免冰形尖角对网格质量的影响。但离散涡方法基于不可压 N-S 方程,无法应用于预测可压缩流动下的结冰过程。本文在离散涡方法的基础上添加普朗特—格劳尔特压缩性修正,进行基于离散涡方法的可压缩流动下的数值模拟,并将其应用于翼型结冰预测;对流场分布、结冰冰形和结冰模型计算过程等仿真结果进行对比和分析。结果表明：引入压缩性修正后的离散涡方法能较好地模拟可压缩流动,与实验值相比,基于该方法得到的结冰数值模拟结果符合良好,对结冰数值模拟在工程上的应用提供了一定的参考。     

Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior analysis of 7075-T6 aluminum subjected to simulated lightning strikes

Aircrafts damages caused by lightning strikes have been known since the early days of aviation. However, the physical effects on the aircraft structure are still being investigated. This work seeks to evaluate the lightning strike effects in the aluminum alloy 7075-T6. Samples were submitted to lightning strike simulation in laboratory and the damages evaluated through characterization techniques. Ultrasound and profilometry tests have shown material loss to 0.272 mm depth in the damaged region. In addition, it was detected the material accumulation occurrence in the damage vicinity of the region. Below the damage, it was found a region where metallurgical changes were identified. The tensile and microhardness tests results have shown reduction in the percentage elongation and hardness increasing in the material affected by lightning. These results are corroborated by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld Method (red line) that indicated an increasing in dislocation density and micro-deformation in the material matrix. Optical microscopy results have shown the presence of microcracks on the normal and cross-section surface of the samples damaged. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) and Electron Backscattered Diffraction Test (EBSD) found coarse intermetallic phases and precipitates compounds with dimensions greater than 1 μm in length. They were responsible for nucleation of the microcracks that propagate along the material grain boundaries.