A new skeleton based flying bird detection method for low-altitude air traffic management

In low-altitude air traffic management, non-cooperation targets are the greatest threat to security of low-flying aircraft. Among various aviation fatalities, flying bird is the main factor with the highest risk and directs economic losses amounted to nearly 10 billion US dollars each year. Therefore, Flying Bird Detection (FBD) has attracted considerable attention in low-altitude air traffic management. In this paper, we propose a skeleton based FBD method via describing bird motion information with a set of key poses. To overcome the variability of birds, the skeleton feature is selected as a relatively fixed and common characteristic for the pose appearance of flying bird. Based on the geometric topology among some key parts of bird body, a set of key poses can be described by some extracted skeleton features, which are used to represent the bird motion information. Aimed at robustly handling with the pose variations, multiple pose-specific classifiers are individually trained to learn the representative poses of the flying bird. At the detection stage, the flying bird skeleton features are combined with extracted key-pose sets to perform the flying bird classification task from each image. Afterwards, the key-frame pose-change set and the consistency of the classification results from sequent images are employed to validate the final detection results. Experiments on flying bird datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Measuring the resilience of an airport network

Resilience is the ability of a system to withstand and stay operational in the face of an unexpected disturbance or unpredicted changes. Recent studies on air transport system resilience focus on topology characteristics after the disturbance and measure the robustness of the network with respect to connectivity. The dynamic processes occurring at the node and link levels are often ignored. Here we analyze airport network resilience by considering both structural and dynamical aspects. We develop a simulation model to study the operational performance of the air transport system when airports operate at degraded capacity rather than completely shutting down. Our analyses show that the system deteriorates soon after disruptive events occur but returns to an acceptable level after a period of time. Static resilience of the airport network is captured by a phase transition in which a small change to airport capacity will result in a sharp change in system punctuality. After the phase transition point, decreasing airport capacity has little impact on system performance. Critical airports which have significant influence on the performance of whole system are identified, and we find that some of these cannot be detected based on the analysis of network structural indicators alone. Our work shows that air transport system’s resilience can be well understood by combining network science and operational dynamics.     

Heuristics of node selection criteria to assess robustness of world airport network

The world airport network (WAN) is one of the networked infrastructures that shape today's economic and social activity,so its resilience against incidents affecting the WAN is an important problem.In this paper,the robustness of air route networks is extended by defining and testing several heuristics to define selection criteria to detect the critical nodes of the WAN.In addition to heuristics based on genetic algorithms and simulated annealing,custom heuristics based on node damage and node betweenness are defined.The most effective heuristic is a multiattack heuristic combining both custom heuristics.Results obtained are of importance not only for advance in the understanding of the structure of complex networks,but also for critical node detection.     

大型运输机乘员连续供氧呼吸模型及试验分析

基于航空连续供氧系统和呼吸过程，建立了吸入气、气管气各组分计算模型，并依据此模型计算分析了不同乘员供氧标准不同座舱高度所需氧流量。结果表明：所建模型适用于不同乘员类型的连续供氧流量计算，为连续供氧流量标准提供了理论依据。针对大型运输机乘员多的特点，介绍了多乘员连续供氧试验方法、试验原理，并对试验数据进行了分析。试验结果表明：在通气量为15和20 L/min的情况下，12 km及其以下高度各测试点的氧分压均达到100~83.8 mmHg，满足供氧防护生理要求。     

舰载运输类飞机副翼飞行载荷设计

舰载运输类飞机布局紧凑，副翼兼备增加升力（襟副翼）、提供滚转力矩等作用。根据CCAR-25增升装置和滚转情况的设计准则，并考虑机舰适配性要求，研究了某舰载运输类螺旋桨飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷设计方法。通过机动仿真获得襟副翼、副翼典型载荷情况，通过面元法获得不同动力影响下的气动特性数据和压力分布数据，结合理论方法与工程需要，计算、筛选出襟副翼和副翼的载荷边界作为其设计载荷。研究结果表明，算例飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷受滑流影响较小；襟副翼在各个设计空速的迎面突风情况下获得设计载荷；副翼在设计俯冲速度的最大可用偏度情况下获得设计载荷。     

民用客机缝翼气动噪声数值模拟研究

空中应急离机系统是飞行试验过程中保证试飞机组人员安全的重要措施。对国外一些试飞飞机的空中应急离机系统进行介绍,并对空中应急离机系统的总体设计原则、组成、功能、设计理念及多种子系统设计方案进行研究及分析。     

Numerical investigation on jet interaction with a compression ramp

A numerical investigation on jet interaction in supersonic laminar flow with a compres- sion ramp is performed utilizing the AUSMDV scheme and a parallel solver. Several parameters dominating the interference flowfield are studied after defining the relative increment of normal force and the jet amplification factor as the evaluation criterion of jet control performance. The computational results show that most features of the interaction flowfield between the transverse jet and the ramp are similar to those between a jet and a flat plate, except that the flow structures are more complicated and the low-pressure region behind the jet is less extensive. The relative force increment and the jet amplification factor both increase with the distance between the jet and the ramp shortening till quintuple jet diameters. Inconspicuous difference is observed between the jet-before-ramp and jet-on-ramp cases. The variation of the injection angle changes the extent of the separation region, the plateau pressure, and the peak pressure near the jet. In the present computational conditions, 120 is indicated relatively optimal among all the injection angles studied. For cold gas simulations, although little influence of the jet temperature on the pressure distribution near the jet is observed under the computation model and the flow parameters studied, reducing jet temperature somehow benefits the improvement of the normal force and the jet efficiency. When the pressure ratio of jet to freestream is fixed, the relative force increment varies little when increasing the freestream Mach number, while the jet amplification factor increases.     

Analyzing the multilevel structure of the European airport network

The multilayered structure of the European airport network (EAN), composed of con-nections and flights between European cities, is analyzed through the k-core decomposition of the connections network. This decomposition allows to identify the core, bridge and periphery lay-ers of the EAN. The core layer includes the best-connected cities, which include important business air traffic destinations. The periphery layer includes cities with lesser connections, which serve low populated areas where air travel is an economic alternative. The remaining cities form the bridge of the EAN, including important leisure travel origins and destinations. The multilayered structure of the EAN affects network robustness, as the EAN is more robust to isolation of nodes of the core, than to the isolation of a combination of core and bridge nodes.     

A study on turbulence transportation and modification of Spalart–Allmaras model for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow

It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation(DNS). It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S–A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S–A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the modification of S–A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulating the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.     

多管脉冲爆震发动机压力反传特性试验与数值研究

为了研究多管脉冲爆震发动机的压力反传特性,采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法对四管爆震室的压力反传特性进行研究,测量了四管爆震室同时点火和分时点火这两种工作模式下的压力反传规律,利用数值模拟对四管爆震室共用进气道进行研究,分析了共用进气道长度以及在共用进气道内加装分流板对压力反传的影响。试验结果表明,四管爆震室同时工作时,共用进气道产生一道很强的压力扰动波,其峰值压力接近0.12MPa;四管爆震室分时工作时,共用进气道在一个循环内出现四次压力扰动,但扰动波的峰值压力较小。数值模拟的结果表明,在两种工作模式下,爆震室产生的反传压力使发动机入口产生高速倒流,四管分时工作时倒流的速度较小。随着共用进气道的长度增大,反传压力的峰值降低,但发动机入口处仍然存在倒流现象,倒流的速度随着共用进气道的长度增大而减小。共用进气道内加装分流板对反传压力的峰值并没有削弱作用。