Flight safety implications of the extreme solar proton event of 23 February 1956

There is considerable speculation about the effects at aircraft altitudes resulting from extreme solar proton events. The ground level event (GLE) of 23 February 1956 (GLE 5), remains the largest solar proton event of the neutron monitor era in terms of its influence on count rates at monitors near sea level. During this GLE the count rate was increased by as much as 4760% (15-min average) at the Leeds monitor relative to the count rate from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Two modern models of the event cumulative solar proton spectrum for this event, a 6-parameter fit in energy and a 4-parameter Band fit in rigidity, are compared with 1-h of GCR at solar minimum. While effective doses calculated with CARI-7A for both models at low geomagnetic cutoff rigidities are indeed high when compared with GCR and can exceed recommended exposure limits, both GLE spectra exhibit a much stronger dependence on cutoff rigidity than GCR, and a larger fraction of the dose from neutrons. At locations with cutoff rigidities above 4.2 and 6.4?GV, respectively, the GLE effective doses are smaller than the GCR hourly dose. At locations with cutoff rigidities above about 4?GV, GCR was the dominant source of exposure in 10?h or less at all altitudes examined. This suggests that if a similar event occurs in the future, low- and mid-latitude flights at modern jet flight altitudes could be well-protected by Earth’s magnetic field.     

A method in near-surface estimation of air temperature (NEAT) in times following the satellite passing time using MODIS images

Air temperature is one of the most important parameters in environmental, agricultural and water resources studies. This information is not usually always available at the required temporal and spatial resolution. The air temperature is measured at a fixed point in the meteorological stations which are dispersed and may not have the appropriate spatial resolution needed for many applications. On the other hand, MODIS satellite images have relatively acceptable spatial resolution specially for use in environmental studies. There is a methodology with which the near surface air temperature can be extracted from MODIS images at the satellite passing time with an acceptable accuracy. The goal in this study is to find a way to predict the air temperature in times after/before the satellite passing time. The procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, the relationship between the air temperature at a time in a synoptic station and the air temperature in other times up to 5 h later were modeled. In the second step, using these built up relationships, the air temperature extracted from the satellite image at the passing time was extrapolated to the next hours. Finally, the results of this extrapolation method were evaluated using the air temperatures measured at those hours and in the pixels containing some other meteorological stations. The error of the method when applied to a relatively homogeneous surface cover was about 1.5 °C. This error when applied to the next hours, was below 2 °C up to 5 h after satellite passing time. This method can be useful in some agricultural and horticultural applications in which both the spatial and temporal resolution are needed simultaneously. This product is a useful tool for frost prediction, a phenomenon that usually happens at night or early in the morning.     

Network analysis of Chinese air transport delay propagation

The Chinese air transport system has witnessed an important evolution in the last dec-ade, with a strong increase in the number of flights operated and a consequent reduction of their punctuality. In this contribution, we propose modelling the process of delay propagation by using complex networks, in which nodes are associated to airports, and links between pairs of them are assigned when a delay propagation is detected. Delay time series are analysed through the well-known Granger Causality, which allows detecting if one time series is causing the dynamics observed in a second one. Results indicate that delays are mostly propagated from small and regio-nal airports, and through flights operated by turbo-prop aircraft. These insights can be used to design strategies for delay propagation dampening, as for instance by including small airports into the system's Collaborative Decision Making.     

攻击机作战效能评估的顶层数学模型

讨论了研究攻击机作战效能时所需要解决的基本问题,给出了描述战区云层分布规律,地形分布规律及侧向参数分布规律的数学模型,研究了机载空对地武器可攻击区,攻击机首攻概率及最大发现目标概率的确定方法,建立了在目标区存在主空系统时计算攻击机攻击效能指标的数学模型。     

航天器微低重力模拟及试验技术

针对国内外不同类型的微低重力模拟机理、应用方法及特点进行了介绍。综述了基于气悬浮技术的多自由度模拟器的关键技术以及组合应用方法;对各种复杂航天器(包括大型空间机械臂)在微低重力模拟环境下进行的展开、编队、抓捕对接、分离以及在轨服务等典型试验应用进行了系统介绍,同时总结了针对宇航员模拟训练的微低重力环境的实现手段及其特点。最后,展望了微低重力模拟及试验技术的发展前景,并提出了多项亟待突破的关键技术。     

吸气式电推进中的气体捕集系统的设计分析

针对吸气式电推进系统中的气体捕集系统,提出了一种能够准确计算气体捕集率的理论模型,并以此为基础开展了气体捕集系统的优化设计.首先,通过分析几类代表性气体捕集系统的捕集特点,提取了影响气体捕集率的关键参数.然后,通过分析进气道内气体分子的微观行为,推导得到了气体捕集率的理论公式,获得了无量纲管长、末端净透射率等关键参数对...     

在防空导弹控制系统中使用模糊监控调节器问题的探讨

介绍了现代空袭兵器战术技术性能改进对防空导弹制导控制系统形成的新需求,分析了现有制导控制系统在抗击高机动飞行器时面临的困难,探讨了在防空导弹控制系统中使用模糊监控调节器的问题.     

空中预警与控制飞机情报信息系统探析

空中预警与控制飞机是一种多功能、多任务的空中指挥控制平台,其情报信息系统包括多种先进的电子设备和处理软件。本文在对空中预警与控制飞机情报信息系统各功能要素进行概括分析的基础上,探讨了提高其战场情报处理、融合以及协同指挥、精确控制的及时性和有效性等问题。     

充油式挠性摆式加速度计中气泡故障的判断

分析了气泡作用于充油式挠性摆加速度计摆不同位置时输出变化的机理。讨论并分析了气泡引起的输出减小、故障单向出现、故障输出数据随通电时间增长而趋于正常，以及倒置摆放测试故障消失等特征及其原因。并与其他主要误差源的输出特征进行了比较，据此归纳了快速有效判断气泡的标准。     

中欧枢纽机场航班协同放行需求与对策研究

随着中欧之间航空运输量的不断增加,中欧几个主要枢纽机场之间互飞的航班量增长迅速,从欧洲空中交通流量管理系统发展的经验来看,协调枢纽机场航班放行时间可以显著地减少空域拥挤,减少航班延误,提高航班的正常性和可预测性.尝试从分析中国北京首都机场等几大枢纽机场中欧之间航班飞行流量、起降时刻出发,从减少中国枢纽机场拥挤的角度分析中欧协同放行的必要性,从航班和机场信息共享、协同放行机制等角度分析其可行性,以期望为进一步加强中欧航空合作打下基础.由于时间和数据限制,研究无法从欧洲空管角度做出类似的分析.